feat(api): expose OCR reason signal

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pdf-inspector"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 edition = "2021"
 autobins = false
 authors = ["Firecrawl Team"]

napi/Cargo.lock

@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.3"
 dependencies = [
  "env_logger",
  "log",
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector-napi"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 dependencies = [
  "napi",
  "napi-build",

napi/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pdf-inspector-napi"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [lib]

napi/README.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ console.log(result.confidence)     // 0.875
 
 Extract text within bounding-box regions from a PDF. Designed for hybrid OCR pipelines where a layout model detects regions in rendered page images, and this function extracts text from the PDF structure for text-based pages — skipping GPU OCR.
 
-Each region result includes a `needsOcr` flag that signals unreliable extraction (empty text, GID-encoded fonts, garbage text, encoding issues).
+Each region result includes a `needsOcr` flag that signals unreliable extraction (empty text, GID-encoded fonts, garbage text, encoding issues). When the cause is a suspected garbled text layer, `ocrReason` is set to `"suspected_garbled_text"`.
 
 ```typescript
 import { extractTextInRegions } from '@firecrawl/pdf-inspector'
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ interface PageRegionTexts {
 interface RegionText {
   text: string
   needsOcr: boolean         // true when text is unreliable
+  ocrReason?: string        // "suspected_garbled_text" when known
 }
 ```
 

napi/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector",
-  "version": "1.9.7",
+  "version": "1.9.8",
   "description": "Fast PDF classification and text extraction. Detect text-based vs scanned PDFs, extract text by region with quality checks. Native Rust performance via napi-rs.",
   "main": "index.js",
   "types": "index.d.ts",

napi/src/lib.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ pub struct PdfResult {
     pub processing_time_ms: u32,
     /// 1-indexed page numbers that need OCR.
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PageOcrReasons>,
     pub title: Option<String>,
     pub confidence: f64,
     pub is_complex_layout: bool,
@@ -48,6 +50,13 @@ pub struct PdfResult {
     pub has_encoding_issues: bool,
 }
 
+/// OCR reasons for a single 1-indexed page.
+#[napi(object)]
+pub struct PageOcrReasons {
+    pub page: u32,
+    pub reasons: Vec<String>,
+}
+
 /// Lightweight PDF classification result.
 #[napi(object)]
 pub struct PdfClassification {
@@ -90,6 +99,8 @@ pub struct RegionText {
     pub text: String,
     /// `true` when the text should not be trusted (empty, GID fonts, garbage, encoding issues).
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Extracted text for one page's regions.
@@ -126,6 +137,7 @@ fn to_napi_result(r: pdf_inspector::PdfProcessResult) -> PdfResult {
         page_count: r.page_count,
         processing_time_ms: r.processing_time_ms as u32,
         pages_needing_ocr: r.pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(r.ocr_reasons_by_page),
         title: r.title,
         confidence: r.confidence as f64,
         is_complex_layout: r.layout.is_complex,
@@ -135,6 +147,18 @@ fn to_napi_result(r: pdf_inspector::PdfProcessResult) -> PdfResult {
     }
 }
 
+fn to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(
+    reasons: Vec<pdf_inspector::PageOcrReasons>,
+) -> Vec<PageOcrReasons> {
+    reasons
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|reason| PageOcrReasons {
+            page: reason.page,
+            reasons: reason.reasons,
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 fn convert_item_type(t: &pdf_inspector::types::ItemType) -> (ItemType, Option<String>) {
     match t {
         pdf_inspector::types::ItemType::Text => (ItemType::Text, None),
@@ -563,6 +587,8 @@ pub struct PageMarkdownResult {
     pub markdown: String,
     /// `true` when text on this page is unreliable.
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Combined per-page markdown extraction and layout classification result.
@@ -576,6 +602,8 @@ pub struct PagesExtractionResult {
     pub pages_with_columns: Vec<u32>,
     /// 1-indexed pages that need OCR (scanned/image-based).
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PageOcrReasons>,
     /// True if any page has tables or columns.
     pub is_complex: bool,
 }
@@ -607,11 +635,13 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown(
                     page: r.page,
                     markdown: r.markdown,
                     needs_ocr: r.needs_ocr,
+                    ocr_reason: r.ocr_reason,
                 })
                 .collect(),
             pages_with_tables: result.pages_with_tables,
             pages_with_columns: result.pages_with_columns,
             pages_needing_ocr: result.pages_needing_ocr,
+            ocr_reasons_by_page: to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(result.ocr_reasons_by_page),
             is_complex: result.is_complex,
         })
     })
@@ -648,6 +678,7 @@ fn to_page_region_texts(results: Vec<pdf_inspector::PageRegionResult>) -> Vec<Pa
                 .map(|r| RegionText {
                     text: r.text,
                     needs_ocr: r.needs_ocr,
+                    ocr_reason: r.ocr_reason,
                 })
                 .collect(),
         })

src/bin/pdf2md.rs

@@ -31,6 +31,22 @@ fn json_escape(s: &str) -> String {
     out
 }
 
+fn format_ocr_reasons_by_page(reasons: &[pdf_inspector::PageOcrReasons]) -> String {
+    reasons
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| {
+            let reasons_json = entry
+                .reasons
+                .iter()
+                .map(|reason| format!(r#""{}""#, json_escape(reason)))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(",");
+            format!(r#"{{"page":{},"reasons":[{}]}}"#, entry.page, reasons_json)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(",")
+}
+
 /// Parse a page specification like "1,3,5-10,20" into a HashSet of page numbers.
 fn parse_page_spec(spec: &str) -> Result<HashSet<u32>, String> {
     let mut pages = HashSet::new();
@@ -177,12 +193,14 @@ fn main() {
                         .iter()
                         .map(|p| p.to_string())
                         .collect();
+                    let ocr_reasons = format_ocr_reasons_by_page(&result.ocr_reasons_by_page);
                     println!(
-                        r#"{{"pdf_type":"{}","page_count":{},"processing_time_ms":{},"pages_needing_ocr":[{}],"is_complex":{},"pages_with_tables":[{}],"pages_with_columns":[{}],"has_encoding_issues":{}}}"#,
+                        r#"{{"pdf_type":"{}","page_count":{},"processing_time_ms":{},"pages_needing_ocr":[{}],"ocr_reasons_by_page":[{}],"is_complex":{},"pages_with_tables":[{}],"pages_with_columns":[{}],"has_encoding_issues":{}}}"#,
                         pdf_type_str,
                         result.page_count,
                         result.processing_time_ms,
                         ocr_pages.join(","),
+                        ocr_reasons,
                         result.layout.is_complex,
                         table_pages.join(","),
                         col_pages.join(","),
@@ -223,8 +241,9 @@ fn main() {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|p| p.to_string())
                     .collect();
+                let ocr_reasons = format_ocr_reasons_by_page(&result.ocr_reasons_by_page);
                 println!(
-                    r#"{{"pdf_type":"{}","page_count":{},"has_text":{},"processing_time_ms":{},"markdown_length":{},"pages_needing_ocr":[{}],"is_complex":{},"pages_with_tables":[{}],"pages_with_columns":[{}],"has_encoding_issues":{},"markdown":"{}"}}"#,
+                    r#"{{"pdf_type":"{}","page_count":{},"has_text":{},"processing_time_ms":{},"markdown_length":{},"pages_needing_ocr":[{}],"ocr_reasons_by_page":[{}],"is_complex":{},"pages_with_tables":[{}],"pages_with_columns":[{}],"has_encoding_issues":{},"markdown":"{}"}}"#,
                     match result.pdf_type {
                         PdfType::TextBased => "text_based",
                         PdfType::Scanned => "scanned",
@@ -236,6 +255,7 @@ fn main() {
                     result.processing_time_ms,
                     result.markdown.as_ref().map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0),
                     ocr_pages.join(","),
+                    ocr_reasons,
                     result.layout.is_complex,
                     table_pages.join(","),
                     col_pages.join(","),

src/lib.rs

@@ -62,10 +62,23 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::path::Path;
 use tounicode::FontCMaps;
 
+/// OCR reason emitted when the extracted text layer appears garbled due to
+/// broken font decoding or mojibake.
+pub const OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT: &str = "suspected_garbled_text";
+
 // =========================================================================
 // Result type
 // =========================================================================
 
+/// OCR reasons for a single 1-indexed page.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PageOcrReasons {
+    /// 1-indexed page number.
+    pub page: u32,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason identifiers.
+    pub reasons: Vec<String>,
+}
+
 /// High-level PDF processing result.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PdfProcessResult {
@@ -79,6 +92,8 @@ pub struct PdfProcessResult {
     pub processing_time_ms: u64,
     /// 1-indexed page numbers that need OCR.
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PageOcrReasons>,
     /// Title from PDF metadata (if available).
     pub title: Option<String>,
     /// Detection confidence score (0.0–1.0).
@@ -322,6 +337,8 @@ pub struct PageMarkdown {
     /// `true` when text on this page is unreliable (GID-encoded fonts,
     /// encoding issues, garbage text, or empty extraction).
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Combined per-page markdown extraction and layout classification result.
@@ -335,6 +352,8 @@ pub struct PagesExtractionResult {
     pub pages_with_columns: Vec<u32>,
     /// 1-indexed pages that need OCR (scanned/image-based).
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PageOcrReasons>,
     /// True if any page has tables or columns.
     pub is_complex: bool,
 }
@@ -388,6 +407,7 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown_mem(
 
     let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(pages_slice.len());
     let mut pages_needing_ocr = Vec::new();
+    let mut ocr_reasons_by_page = BTreeMap::new();
 
     for &page_0idx in pages_slice {
         // Out-of-range pages → empty + needs_ocr
@@ -397,6 +417,7 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown_mem(
                 page: page_0idx,
                 markdown: String::new(),
                 needs_ocr: true,
+                ocr_reason: None,
             });
             continue;
         }
@@ -441,12 +462,19 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown_mem(
             )
         };
 
-        let needs_ocr = has_text_quality_issue
+        let has_decoding_issue = has_text_quality_issue
-            || md.trim().is_empty()
+            || (!md.is_empty() && (is_cid_garbage(&md) || detect_encoding_issues(&md)));
-            || has_gid
+        if has_decoding_issue {
-            || is_garbage_text(&md)
+            add_ocr_reason(
-            || is_cid_garbage(&md)
+                &mut ocr_reasons_by_page,
-            || detect_encoding_issues(&md);
+                page_1idx,
+                OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT,
+            );
+        }
+        let ocr_reason = page_ocr_reason(&ocr_reasons_by_page, page_1idx);
+
+        let needs_ocr =
+            ocr_reason.is_some() || md.trim().is_empty() || has_gid || is_garbage_text(&md);
 
         if needs_ocr {
             pages_needing_ocr.push(page_1idx);
@@ -456,6 +484,7 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown_mem(
             page: page_0idx,
             markdown: if needs_ocr { String::new() } else { md },
             needs_ocr,
+            ocr_reason,
         });
     }
 
@@ -464,6 +493,7 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown_mem(
         pages_with_tables: complexity.pages_with_tables,
         pages_with_columns: complexity.pages_with_columns,
         pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: page_ocr_reasons_vec(ocr_reasons_by_page),
         is_complex: complexity.is_complex,
     })
 }
@@ -495,6 +525,8 @@ pub struct RegionText {
     /// Set when: the region is empty, the page uses GID-encoded fonts, or the
     /// extracted text fails garbage/encoding checks.
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Result for a page's region extractions.
@@ -610,17 +642,25 @@ pub fn extract_text_in_regions_mem(
             };
             let has_text_quality_issue = region_items_have_decoding_issue(&matched);
             let text = collect_text_from_matched_items(matched, adaptive_threshold);
+            let has_cid_issue = is_cid_garbage(&text);
+            let has_encoding_issue = detect_encoding_issues(&text);
+            let ocr_reason = if has_text_quality_issue || has_cid_issue || has_encoding_issue {
+                Some(suspected_garbled_reason())
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
 
             // Check per-region text quality instead of blanket page-level
             // GID rejection. A GID font in a logo elsewhere on the page
             // shouldn't force GPU OCR for clean text regions.
-            let needs_ocr = has_text_quality_issue
+            let needs_ocr =
-                || text.trim().is_empty()
+                ocr_reason.is_some() || text.trim().is_empty() || is_garbage_text(&text);
-                || is_garbage_text(&text)
-                || is_cid_garbage(&text)
-                || detect_encoding_issues(&text);
 
-            page_results.push(RegionText { text, needs_ocr });
+            page_results.push(RegionText {
+                text,
+                needs_ocr,
+                ocr_reason,
+            });
         }
 
         results.push(PageRegionResult {
@@ -731,6 +771,7 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
                 page_results.push(RegionText {
                     text: String::new(),
                     needs_ocr: true,
+                    ocr_reason: None,
                 });
                 continue;
             }
@@ -739,6 +780,7 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
                 page_results.push(RegionText {
                     text: String::new(),
                     needs_ocr: true,
+                    ocr_reason: Some(suspected_garbled_reason()),
                 });
                 continue;
             }
@@ -913,10 +955,12 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
                 Some(candidate) => page_results.push(RegionText {
                     text: candidate.markdown.clone(),
                     needs_ocr: false,
+                    ocr_reason: None,
                 }),
                 None => page_results.push(RegionText {
                     text: String::new(),
                     needs_ocr: true,
+                    ocr_reason: None,
                 }),
             }
         }
@@ -3330,6 +3374,7 @@ fn process_document(
             page_count,
             processing_time_ms: start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
             pages_needing_ocr,
+            ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec::new(),
             title,
             confidence,
             layout: LayoutComplexity::default(),
@@ -3345,6 +3390,7 @@ fn process_document(
             page_count,
             processing_time_ms: start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
             pages_needing_ocr,
+            ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec::new(),
             title,
             confidence,
             layout: LayoutComplexity::default(),
@@ -3415,8 +3461,17 @@ fn process_document(
         })
         .unwrap_or((None, Vec::new()));
 
-    let (markdown, layout, has_encoding_issues, gid_pages, text_quality_pages) = match extracted {
+    let (
+        markdown,
+        layout,
+        has_encoding_issues,
+        gid_pages,
+        text_quality_pages,
+        text_quality_reasons_by_page,
+    ) = match extracted {
         Some(((items, rects, lines), page_thresholds, gid_encoded_pages)) => {
+            let mut ocr_reasons_by_page = BTreeMap::new();
+
             // For TextBased PDFs with pages flagged for OCR (Identity-H or
             // Type3 fonts without ToUnicode), check whether the CID-as-Unicode
             // passthrough actually produced readable text.  If a page's text
@@ -3449,6 +3504,13 @@ fn process_document(
                             "suppressing garbage text from OCR-flagged pages: {:?}",
                             garbage_pages
                         );
+                        for page in &garbage_pages {
+                            add_ocr_reason(
+                                &mut ocr_reasons_by_page,
+                                *page,
+                                OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT,
+                            );
+                        }
                         let items: Vec<_> = items
                             .into_iter()
                             .filter(|i| !garbage_pages.contains(&i.page))
@@ -3466,6 +3528,7 @@ fn process_document(
                 };
 
             let text_quality = analyze_text_quality(&items);
+            merge_ocr_reasons(&mut ocr_reasons_by_page, text_quality.reasons_by_page);
             let layout = compute_layout_complexity(&items, &rects, &lines);
 
             let md = if options.mode == ProcessMode::Analyze {
@@ -3482,7 +3545,8 @@ fn process_document(
                 ))
             };
 
-            let enc = text_quality.has_encoding_issues
+            let enc = !ocr_reasons_by_page.is_empty()
+                || text_quality.has_encoding_issues
                 || md.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| detect_encoding_issues(m));
             (
                 md,
@@ -3490,6 +3554,7 @@ fn process_document(
                 enc,
                 gid_encoded_pages,
                 text_quality.pages_needing_ocr,
+                ocr_reasons_by_page,
             )
         }
         None => (
@@ -3498,6 +3563,7 @@ fn process_document(
             false,
             std::collections::HashSet::new(),
             Vec::new(),
+            BTreeMap::new(),
         ),
     };
 
@@ -3541,7 +3607,8 @@ fn process_document(
     }
     if !text_quality_pages.is_empty() {
         log::debug!(
-            "pages with suspicious text-layer decoding (need OCR): {:?}",
+            "pages with OCR reason {} (need OCR): {:?}",
+            OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT,
             text_quality_pages
         );
         for page in text_quality_pages {
@@ -3589,6 +3656,7 @@ fn process_document(
         page_count,
         processing_time_ms: start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
         pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: page_ocr_reasons_vec(text_quality_reasons_by_page),
         title,
         confidence,
         layout,
@@ -3640,28 +3708,69 @@ fn detect_encoding_issues(markdown: &str) -> bool {
 struct TextQualityReport {
     pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
     has_encoding_issues: bool,
+    reasons_by_page: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>,
 }
 
 fn analyze_text_quality(items: &[TextItem]) -> TextQualityReport {
-    let mut pages = HashSet::new();
+    let mut reasons_by_page = BTreeMap::new();
 
     for item in items {
         if !matches!(item.item_type, crate::types::ItemType::Text) {
             continue;
         }
         if text_span_has_decoding_issue(&item.text) {
-            pages.insert(item.page);
+            add_ocr_reason(
+                &mut reasons_by_page,
+                item.page,
+                OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT,
+            );
         }
     }
 
-    let mut pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32> = pages.into_iter().collect();
+    let pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32> = reasons_by_page.keys().copied().collect();
-    pages_needing_ocr.sort_unstable();
     TextQualityReport {
         has_encoding_issues: !pages_needing_ocr.is_empty(),
         pages_needing_ocr,
+        reasons_by_page,
     }
 }
 
+fn suspected_garbled_reason() -> String {
+    OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT.to_string()
+}
+
+fn add_ocr_reason(reasons_by_page: &mut BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>, page: u32, reason: &str) {
+    let reasons = reasons_by_page.entry(page).or_default();
+    if !reasons.iter().any(|existing| existing == reason) {
+        reasons.push(reason.to_string());
+    }
+}
+
+fn merge_ocr_reasons(
+    reasons_by_page: &mut BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>,
+    extra_reasons_by_page: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>,
+) {
+    for (page, reasons) in extra_reasons_by_page {
+        for reason in reasons {
+            add_ocr_reason(reasons_by_page, page, &reason);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn page_ocr_reason(reasons_by_page: &BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>, page: u32) -> Option<String> {
+    reasons_by_page
+        .get(&page)
+        .and_then(|reasons| reasons.first())
+        .cloned()
+}
+
+fn page_ocr_reasons_vec(reasons_by_page: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<String>>) -> Vec<PageOcrReasons> {
+    reasons_by_page
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(page, reasons)| PageOcrReasons { page, reasons })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 fn region_items_have_decoding_issue(items: &[TextItem]) -> bool {
     items.iter().any(|item| {
         matches!(item.item_type, crate::types::ItemType::Text)
@@ -5737,6 +5846,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(quality.has_encoding_issues);
         assert_eq!(quality.pages_needing_ocr, vec![1]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            quality.reasons_by_page.get(&1).cloned(),
+            Some(vec![OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT.to_string()])
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5749,6 +5862,14 @@ mod tests {
         let quality = analyze_text_quality(&items);
 
         assert_eq!(quality.pages_needing_ocr, vec![1, 3]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            quality.reasons_by_page.get(&1).cloned(),
+            Some(vec![OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT.to_string()])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            quality.reasons_by_page.get(&3).cloned(),
+            Some(vec![OCR_REASON_SUSPECTED_GARBLED_TEXT.to_string()])
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -5763,6 +5884,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(!quality.has_encoding_issues);
         assert!(quality.pages_needing_ocr.is_empty());
+        assert!(quality.reasons_by_page.is_empty());
     }
 
     #[test]

src/python.rs

@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ pub struct PyPdfResult {
     /// 1-indexed page numbers that need OCR.
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PyPageOcrReasons>,
     /// Title from PDF metadata.
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub title: Option<String>,
@@ -60,6 +63,28 @@ impl PyPdfResult {
     }
 }
 
+/// OCR reasons for a single 1-indexed page.
+#[pyclass(name = "PageOcrReasons")]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PyPageOcrReasons {
+    /// 1-indexed page number.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub page: u32,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason identifiers.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub reasons: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[pymethods]
+impl PyPageOcrReasons {
+    fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
+        format!(
+            "PageOcrReasons(page={}, reasons={:?})",
+            self.page, self.reasons
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Classification wrapper (lightweight)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -106,6 +131,9 @@ pub struct PyRegionText {
     /// True when the text should not be trusted (empty, GID fonts, garbage, encoding issues).
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[pymethods]
@@ -160,6 +188,9 @@ pub struct PyPageMarkdown {
     /// encoding issues, garbage text, or empty extraction).
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub needs_ocr: bool,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reason when the cause is known.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub ocr_reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[pymethods]
@@ -190,6 +221,9 @@ pub struct PyPagesExtractionResult {
     /// 1-indexed pages that need OCR (scanned/image-based or unreliable text).
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub pages_needing_ocr: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Machine-readable OCR reasons by 1-indexed page.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    pub ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec<PyPageOcrReasons>,
     /// True if any page has tables or columns.
     #[pyo3(get)]
     pub is_complex: bool,
@@ -268,6 +302,7 @@ fn to_py_result(r: crate::PdfProcessResult) -> PyPdfResult {
         page_count: r.page_count,
         processing_time_ms: r.processing_time_ms,
         pages_needing_ocr: r.pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: to_py_page_ocr_reasons(r.ocr_reasons_by_page),
         title: r.title,
         confidence: r.confidence,
         is_complex_layout: r.layout.is_complex,
@@ -277,6 +312,16 @@ fn to_py_result(r: crate::PdfProcessResult) -> PyPdfResult {
     }
 }
 
+fn to_py_page_ocr_reasons(reasons: Vec<crate::PageOcrReasons>) -> Vec<PyPageOcrReasons> {
+    reasons
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|reason| PyPageOcrReasons {
+            page: reason.page,
+            reasons: reason.reasons,
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 fn to_py_err(e: crate::PdfError) -> PyErr {
     PyValueError::new_err(e.to_string())
 }
@@ -350,11 +395,13 @@ fn to_py_pages_result(r: crate::PagesExtractionResult) -> PyPagesExtractionResul
                 page: p.page,
                 markdown: p.markdown,
                 needs_ocr: p.needs_ocr,
+                ocr_reason: p.ocr_reason,
             })
             .collect(),
         pages_with_tables: r.pages_with_tables,
         pages_with_columns: r.pages_with_columns,
         pages_needing_ocr: r.pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: to_py_page_ocr_reasons(r.ocr_reasons_by_page),
         is_complex: r.is_complex,
     }
 }
@@ -370,6 +417,7 @@ fn convert_region_results(results: Vec<crate::PageRegionResult>) -> Vec<PyPageRe
                 .map(|r| PyRegionText {
                     text: r.text,
                     needs_ocr: r.needs_ocr,
+                    ocr_reason: r.ocr_reason,
                 })
                 .collect(),
         })
@@ -563,6 +611,7 @@ fn extract_pages_markdown_bytes(
 #[pymodule]
 fn pdf_inspector(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
     m.add_class::<PyPdfResult>()?;
+    m.add_class::<PyPageOcrReasons>()?;
     m.add_class::<PyPdfClassification>()?;
     m.add_class::<PyTextItem>()?;
     m.add_class::<PyRegionText>()?;

tests/integration_tests.rs

@@ -1107,6 +1107,7 @@ fn test_pages_needing_ocr_field_accessible() {
         page_count: 1,
         processing_time_ms: 0,
         pages_needing_ocr: vec![1, 3],
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: Vec::new(),
         title: None,
         confidence: 1.0,
         layout: pdf_inspector::LayoutComplexity::default(),