Add SECURITY.md with private vulnerability reporting policy

Documents how to report security issues privately (help@firecrawl.dev
or GitHub's private advisory flow) and what is in/out of scope, so
researchers don't disclose publicly via GitHub issues.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+If you believe you've found a security vulnerability in pdf-inspector, please
+report it privately so we can fix it before public disclosure.
+
+**Preferred:** Email **help@firecrawl.dev** with:
+
+- A description of the issue and its impact
+- Steps to reproduce (a minimal PDF or input that triggers the bug is ideal)
+- The version or commit hash of pdf-inspector you tested against
+
+**Alternative:** Use GitHub's private vulnerability reporting under the
+[Security tab](https://github.com/firecrawl/pdf-inspector/security/advisories/new).
+
+We'll acknowledge your report in a timely manner and keep you updated on
+remediation progress. Please do not open a public GitHub issue for security
+bugs.
+
+## Scope
+
+In scope:
+- Memory-safety issues (panics, OOB reads, UB) reachable from a crafted PDF
+- Denial-of-service vectors (unbounded allocation, infinite loops) on
+  reasonably-sized inputs
+- Bugs in the `pdf2md` / `detect-pdf` binaries or the `pdf-inspector` crate
+  that affect downstream consumers
+
+Out of scope:
+- Bugs in upstream dependencies (`lopdf`, etc.) — please report those upstream
+- Extraction quality issues (wrong text, missing tables) — open a regular
+  GitHub issue instead

napi/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector",
-  "version": "1.8.5",
+  "version": "1.8.12",
   "description": "Fast PDF classification and text extraction. Detect text-based vs scanned PDFs, extract text by region with quality checks. Native Rust performance via napi-rs.",
   "main": "index.js",
   "types": "index.d.ts",

napi/probe-indent.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const { detectVectorGridInRegion } = require("./index.js");
+
+const pdfPath =
+  process.argv[2] ?? "/tmp/pdf_inspector_indent_fixtures/cis_edge_benchmark.pdf";
+const pdf = readFileSync(pdfPath);
+const dpi = Number(process.argv[3] ?? 200);
+
+const crops = [
+  { pageIdx: 29, box: [0, 0, 612, 792], label: "page30-full" },
+  { pageIdx: 16, box: [0, 0, 612, 792], label: "page17-full" },
+  { pageIdx: 23, box: [0, 0, 612, 792], label: "page24-full" },
+];
+
+for (const { pageIdx, box, label } of crops) {
+  const result = detectVectorGridInRegion(pdf, pageIdx, box, dpi);
+  if (!result) {
+    console.log(`${label}: null`);
+    continue;
+  }
+  const rows = result.structureTokens.filter((token) => token === "<tr>").length;
+  const cols = rows > 0 ? result.cellBboxes.length / rows : 0;
+  console.log(
+    `${label}: cells=${result.cellBboxes.length} rows=${rows} cols=${cols}`,
+  );
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -644,6 +644,8 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
     let font_cmaps = FontCMaps::from_doc_pages_fast(&doc, Some(&needed_pages));
 
     let mut items_by_page: HashMap<u32, Vec<TextItem>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut rects_by_page: HashMap<u32, Vec<PdfRect>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut lines_by_page: HashMap<u32, Vec<PdfLine>> = HashMap::new();
     let mut page_heights: HashMap<u32, f32> = HashMap::new();
     let mut gid_pages: HashSet<u32> = HashSet::new();
     let mut page_thresholds: HashMap<u32, f32> = HashMap::new();
@@ -656,7 +658,7 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
         let height = get_page_height(&doc, page_id).unwrap_or(792.0);
         page_heights.insert(*page_num, height);
 
-        let ((mut items, _rects, _lines), has_gid, coords_rotated) =
+        let ((mut items, rects, lines), has_gid, coords_rotated) =
             extractor::content_stream::extract_page_text_items(
                 &doc,
                 page_id,
@@ -675,6 +677,8 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
             rotated_pages.insert(*page_num);
         }
         items_by_page.insert(*page_num, items);
+        rects_by_page.insert(*page_num, rects);
+        lines_by_page.insert(*page_num, lines);
     }
 
     let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(page_regions.len());
@@ -704,15 +708,13 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
             // content. This avoids rejecting clean tables just because an
             // unrelated decorative font on the same page is GID-encoded.
 
+            let bounds = region_bounds(rx1, ry1, rx2, ry2, page_h, coords);
             let matched: Vec<TextItem> = match items {
-                Some(items) => {
-                    let bounds = region_bounds(rx1, ry1, rx2, ry2, page_h, coords);
-                    items
-                        .iter()
-                        .filter(|item| region_overlaps_item(item, bounds))
-                        .cloned()
-                        .collect()
-                }
+                Some(items) => items
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|item| region_overlaps_item(item, bounds))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect(),
                 None => Vec::new(),
             };
 
@@ -736,42 +738,100 @@ pub fn extract_tables_in_regions_mem(
                     .unwrap_or(12.0)
             };
 
-            // Run heuristic table detection; skip_body_font = false since
-            // the layout model already identified this region as a table.
-            let detected = tables::detect_tables(&matched, base_font_size, false);
+            // Try rect-backed and line-backed vector-grid detectors first,
+            // then fall back to the heuristic text-only detector. Each
+            // candidate's markdown is quality-gated by the same
+            // needs_ocr checks the heuristic-only path used: if a vector
+            // detector produces a partial/garbled table, we ignore it and
+            // try the next path rather than degrade the output.
+            // needs_ocr fires on any of:
+            //   - garbage text (non-alphanumeric heavy)
+            //   - CID/Latin-1 mojibake
+            //   - encoding issues (U+FFFD, dollar-as-space)
+            //   - structural giveaways that the table is partial /
+            //     mis-detected (numeric "header", empty header cells,
+            //     duplicate header cells).
+            // skip_body_font = false / layout_assisted = true because the
+            // layout model already identified this region as a table.
+            let region_rects: Vec<PdfRect> = rects_by_page
+                .get(&page_1idx)
+                .map(|rs| {
+                    rs.iter()
+                        .filter(|r| region_overlaps_rect(r, bounds))
+                        .cloned()
+                        .collect()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            let region_lines: Vec<PdfLine> = lines_by_page
+                .get(&page_1idx)
+                .map(|ls| {
+                    ls.iter()
+                        .filter(|l| region_overlaps_line(l, bounds))
+                        .cloned()
+                        .collect()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
 
-            if let Some(table) = detected.into_iter().next() {
-                let md = tables::table_to_markdown(&table);
-                if md.trim().is_empty() {
-                    page_results.push(RegionText {
-                        text: String::new(),
-                        needs_ocr: true,
-                    });
-                } else {
-                    // needs_ocr fires on any of:
-                    //   - garbage text (non-alphanumeric heavy)
-                    //   - CID/Latin-1 mojibake
-                    //   - encoding issues (U+FFFD, dollar-as-space)
-                    //   - structural giveaways that the table is partial /
-                    //     mis-detected (numeric "header", empty header cells,
-                    //     duplicate header cells). Caught GLM-OCR-as-baseline
-                    //     scoring 0 TEDS on real prod tables in eval.
-                    // Layout model already identified this region as a table,
-                    // so use relaxed partial-table checks (layout_assisted=true).
-                    let needs_ocr = is_garbage_text(&md)
-                        || is_cid_garbage(&md)
-                        || detect_encoding_issues(&md)
-                        || looks_like_partial_table_ex(&md, true);
-                    page_results.push(RegionText {
-                        text: if needs_ocr { String::new() } else { md },
-                        needs_ocr,
-                    });
+            // Total length of text the page extractor saw inside this
+            // region, used by the captured-fragment guard below.
+            let region_text_chars: usize = matched.iter().map(|i| i.text.chars().count()).sum();
+
+            let evaluate = |t: &tables::Table| -> Option<String> {
+                let md = tables::table_to_markdown(t);
+                let trimmed = md.trim();
+                if trimmed.is_empty() {
+                    return None;
                 }
-            } else {
-                page_results.push(RegionText {
+                if is_garbage_text(&md)
+                    || is_cid_garbage(&md)
+                    || detect_encoding_issues(&md)
+                    || looks_like_partial_table_ex(&md, true)
+                {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                // Reject extractions that only captured a small fraction
+                // of the text actually in the region. Two recurring
+                // failure shapes this catches:
+                //   - "header-only": detector found the column-header band
+                //     cleanly but missed every data row below (financial
+                //     statements with multi-line column headers + many
+                //     data rows are the dominant case).
+                //   - "sparse": detector returned a couple of fragmentary
+                //     cells even though the region has many lines of text.
+                // The region floor (200 chars) keeps short legitimate
+                // tables (timestamps, units, axis labels) from being
+                // rejected as partial.
+                if captured_only_a_fragment(&md, region_text_chars) {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(md)
+            };
+
+            let mut accepted_md: Option<String> = None;
+            if !region_rects.is_empty() {
+                let (rect_tables, _) =
+                    tables::detect_tables_from_rects(&matched, &region_rects, page_1idx);
+                accepted_md = rect_tables.iter().find_map(&evaluate);
+            }
+            if accepted_md.is_none() && !region_lines.is_empty() {
+                let line_tables =
+                    tables::detect_tables_from_lines(&matched, &region_lines, page_1idx);
+                accepted_md = line_tables.iter().find_map(&evaluate);
+            }
+            if accepted_md.is_none() {
+                let detected = tables::detect_tables(&matched, base_font_size, false);
+                accepted_md = detected.iter().find_map(&evaluate);
+            }
+
+            match accepted_md {
+                Some(md) => page_results.push(RegionText {
+                    text: md,
+                    needs_ocr: false,
+                }),
+                None => page_results.push(RegionText {
                     text: String::new(),
                     needs_ocr: true,
-                });
+                }),
             }
         }
 
@@ -1036,7 +1096,7 @@ mod vector_grid_tests {
     }
 
     /// Helper: load a fixture PDF and run the rect-based table detector.
-    fn detect_rect_tables_in_fixture(path: &str) -> Vec<crate::tables::Table> {
+    fn detect_rect_tables_in_fixture_page(path: &str, page_num: u32) -> Vec<crate::tables::Table> {
         use crate::extractor::content_stream::extract_page_text_items;
         use crate::tables::detect_tables_from_rects;
         use crate::tounicode::FontCMaps;
@@ -1047,16 +1107,20 @@ mod vector_grid_tests {
         let buf = fs::read(path).unwrap();
         let doc = Document::load_mem(&buf).unwrap();
         let pages = doc.get_pages();
-        let &page_id = pages.get(&1).unwrap();
-        let needed: HashSet<u32> = HashSet::from([1]);
+        let &page_id = pages.get(&page_num).unwrap();
+        let needed: HashSet<u32> = HashSet::from([page_num]);
         let cmaps = FontCMaps::from_doc_pages_fast(&doc, Some(&needed));
         let ((items, rects, _lines), _has_gid, _rotated) =
-            extract_page_text_items(&doc, page_id, 1, &cmaps, false).unwrap();
+            extract_page_text_items(&doc, page_id, page_num, &cmaps, false).unwrap();
 
-        let (rect_tables, _) = detect_tables_from_rects(&items, &rects, 1);
+        let (rect_tables, _) = detect_tables_from_rects(&items, &rects, page_num);
         rect_tables
     }
 
+    fn detect_rect_tables_in_fixture(path: &str) -> Vec<crate::tables::Table> {
+        detect_rect_tables_in_fixture_page(path, 1)
+    }
+
     /// Regression for the prose-in-a-frame failure mode introduced by the
     /// shaded-header detection lift (PR #76). The accessory_building permit
     /// form has a paragraph of legal text laid out in a 2-column justified
@@ -1094,6 +1158,116 @@ mod vector_grid_tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// Wireless table regression: decorative/text-region rects may provide row
+    /// bands, but without a real rect-derived column scaffold they must not be
+    /// accepted as a vector grid.
+    #[test]
+    fn wireless_two_col_rejects_rect_grid() {
+        let tables = detect_rect_tables_in_fixture("tests/fixtures/wireless_two_col_no_rects.pdf");
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "expected no rect-detected tables for wireless content; got {:?}",
+            tables
+                .iter()
+                .map(|t| (t.rows.len(), t.columns.len()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wireless_two_col_region_rejects_vector_grid() {
+        let buf = std::fs::read("tests/fixtures/wireless_two_col_no_rects.pdf").unwrap();
+        let crops = [
+            [49.32_f32, 52.92, 558.72, 214.2],
+            [49.32_f32, 288.72, 556.56, 378.0],
+            [51.48_f32, 478.44, 558.36, 567.36],
+        ];
+        for crop in crops {
+            let detected = crate::detect_vector_grid_in_region_mem(&buf, 0, crop, 200.0).unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                detected.is_none(),
+                "expected no vector grid for wireless crop {crop:?}; got {} cells",
+                detected.map(|grid| grid.cell_bboxes.len()).unwrap_or(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wireless dense table regression: text-position columns alone are not
+    /// enough evidence for a rect-derived grid.
+    #[test]
+    fn wireless_dense_rejects_rect_grid() {
+        let tables = detect_rect_tables_in_fixture("tests/fixtures/wireless_dense_no_rects.pdf");
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "expected no rect-detected tables for wireless content; got {:?}",
+            tables
+                .iter()
+                .map(|t| (t.rows.len(), t.columns.len()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wireless_dense_region_rejects_vector_grid() {
+        let buf = std::fs::read("tests/fixtures/wireless_dense_no_rects.pdf").unwrap();
+        let crops = [
+            [72.36_f32, 177.48, 243.72, 333.36],
+            [72.0_f32, 390.24, 286.92, 417.6],
+        ];
+        for crop in crops {
+            let detected = crate::detect_vector_grid_in_region_mem(&buf, 0, crop, 200.0).unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                detected.is_none(),
+                "expected no vector grid for wireless crop {crop:?}; got {} cells",
+                detected.map(|grid| grid.cell_bboxes.len()).unwrap_or(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiline_indent_cell_rect_grid_fixture_detects_table() {
+        let tables = detect_rect_tables_in_fixture_page(
+            "tests/fixtures/multiline_indent_cell_rect_grid.pdf",
+            30,
+        );
+        let table = tables
+            .iter()
+            .max_by_key(|t| t.rows.len() * t.columns.len())
+            .expect("expected a rect-detected table");
+        assert_eq!(
+            table.columns.len(),
+            5,
+            "expected the Controls Version / Control / IG table shape; got {:?}",
+            tables
+                .iter()
+                .map(|t| (t.rows.len(), t.columns.len()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+        assert!(
+            table.rows.len() >= 3,
+            "expected at least header plus data rows; got {}",
+            table.rows.len()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiline_indent_cell_rect_grid_region_detects_vector_grid() {
+        let buf = std::fs::read("tests/fixtures/multiline_indent_cell_rect_grid.pdf").unwrap();
+        let detected =
+            crate::detect_vector_grid_in_region_mem(&buf, 29, [0.0, 0.0, 612.0, 792.0], 200.0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .expect("expected vector grid for multiline indented description table");
+        let rows = detected
+            .structure_tokens
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|token| token.as_str() == "<tr>")
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(detected.cell_bboxes.len() % rows, 0);
+        assert_eq!(detected.cell_bboxes.len() / rows, 5);
+        assert!(rows >= 3);
+        assert!(!detected.cell_bboxes.is_empty());
+    }
+
     /// Regression for `greencomp_competence.pdf` — a 2-column "Area / Competence"
     /// glossary with a green-shaded header row and plain (line-drawn) body cells.
     /// Mirrors the production failure cohort #1 (Contractions glossary) and #6
@@ -1166,6 +1340,46 @@ mod vector_grid_tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// Regression for `wired_header_data_misalign.pdf` — a single page from a
+    /// parts catalog with a 4-column wire-bordered table (`Item | EAN | Nombre
+    /// | Cant`). Column headers are centered/right-aligned inside their cells
+    /// while data is left-aligned, so cluster_x_positions merges or drops
+    /// columns and the cell-rect fallback used to assign text to the wrong
+    /// columns (lost a column, fragmented neighbor cells). The fix prefers
+    /// rect-border-derived column edges when they're well-distributed across
+    /// the actual text items. This test asserts the detector keeps all 4
+    /// columns and every column ends up populated.
+    #[test]
+    fn wired_header_data_misalign_keeps_all_columns() {
+        let tables = detect_rect_tables_in_fixture("tests/fixtures/wired_header_data_misalign.pdf");
+        let table = tables
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.columns.len() == 4 && t.rows.len() >= 5)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!(
+                    "expected a 4-column ≥5-row table; got {:?}",
+                    tables
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|t| (t.rows.len(), t.columns.len()))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                )
+            });
+        for c in 0..4 {
+            let populated_rows = table
+                .cells
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|row| !row[c].trim().is_empty())
+                .count();
+            assert!(
+                populated_rows >= 2,
+                "column {} only populated in {} rows; cells: {:?}",
+                c,
+                populated_rows,
+                table.cells
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_crop_px_bbox_is_plausible_bounds() {
         let crop = [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 220.0];
@@ -3412,6 +3626,28 @@ fn is_cid_garbage(text: &str) -> bool {
 /// anymore, only "can we extract it correctly?". Paragraph and duplicate-
 /// header checks stay, since those indicate genuine extraction quality
 /// issues regardless of how the region was identified.
+/// Return true when the captured table markdown represents only a small
+/// fraction of the text the page extractor actually saw inside the
+/// region — typically a header-only band or a sparse fragment where
+/// the detector found valid grid structure but missed most of the
+/// data rows below.
+///
+/// Tuned at a 25% floor: tables that captured at least a quarter of
+/// the region's text are treated as complete-enough. Below 25%, the
+/// caller falls back to `needs_ocr = true` so GLM-OCR can take over.
+/// The 200-char region floor keeps short legitimate tables (units,
+/// axis labels, single-row stat blocks) from being mis-flagged.
+fn captured_only_a_fragment(markdown: &str, region_text_chars: usize) -> bool {
+    if region_text_chars <= 200 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let captured_text_chars: usize = markdown
+        .chars()
+        .filter(|c| !matches!(c, '|' | '-' | '\n'))
+        .count();
+    captured_text_chars * 4 < region_text_chars
+}
+
 fn looks_like_partial_table_ex(markdown: &str, layout_assisted: bool) -> bool {
     let lines: Vec<&str> = markdown.lines().filter(|l| l.starts_with('|')).collect();
     if lines.len() < 2 {
@@ -3565,6 +3801,57 @@ fn looks_like_partial_table(markdown: &str) -> bool {
     looks_like_partial_table_ex(markdown, false)
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod captured_only_a_fragment_tests {
+    use super::captured_only_a_fragment;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_region_skips_check() {
+        // Short legitimate tables (axis labels, unit blocks) shouldn't be
+        // flagged even when the captured markdown is tiny.
+        let md = "|Year|Value|\n|---|---|\n|2024|10|";
+        assert!(!captured_only_a_fragment(md, 50));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn full_table_passes() {
+        // Captured markdown matches the region text — full extraction.
+        let md =
+            "|Name|Year|Country|\n|---|---|---|\n|Alice|2020|US|\n|Bob|2021|UK|\n|Carol|2019|FR|";
+        // Region had ~50 chars of text (rough estimate of just the data words).
+        assert!(!captured_only_a_fragment(md, 50));
+        // Even a much larger region matched by the markdown content passes.
+        assert!(!captured_only_a_fragment(md, md.len()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn header_only_extraction_rejected() {
+        // Captured the column-header band (~30 chars) while the region
+        // actually has many rows of data (~1500 chars).
+        let md = "|Description|Year|Amount|\n|---|---|---|";
+        assert!(captured_only_a_fragment(md, 1500));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sparse_fragment_rejected() {
+        // A couple of fragment cells captured from a content-rich region.
+        let md = "|percent|for|\n|---|---|\n|sites|15|";
+        assert!(captured_only_a_fragment(md, 2000));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn boundary_at_25_percent_floor() {
+        // Right at the 25% line: 250 captured chars of 1000 region chars.
+        // The check rejects when captured*4 < region, so 250*4=1000 is NOT
+        // less than 1000 — boundary is treated as acceptable.
+        let md = "x".repeat(250);
+        assert!(!captured_only_a_fragment(&md, 1000));
+        // Just under 25%: 249*4=996 < 1000 — flagged.
+        let md_under = "x".repeat(249);
+        assert!(captured_only_a_fragment(&md_under, 1000));
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod looks_like_partial_table_tests {
     use super::{looks_like_partial_table, looks_like_partial_table_ex};

src/tables/detect_lines.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,74 @@
 //! gridlines.  Many IRS forms and government PDFs use these instead of
 //! `re` (rectangle) operators.
 
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
 use crate::tables::Table;
 use crate::types::{PdfLine, TextItem};
 
 use super::detect_rects::{assign_items_to_grid, snap_edges};
 
+/// Derive column edges from the x-endpoints of horizontal-rule
+/// segments when no vertical lines were drawn.
+///
+/// Catalog and archival-finding-aid tables are commonly drawn with
+/// per-row horizontal rules broken into N segments (one segment per
+/// cell), with no vertical dividers at all. The segment break points
+/// (e.g. `[50, 127], [127, 485], [485, 562]` per row) implicitly
+/// encode the column boundaries.
+///
+/// Returns column edges if ≥3 distinct x-positions each show up as a
+/// segment endpoint on ≥50% of the unique horizontal-line rows.
+/// Returns `None` otherwise — decorative rules with varying widths
+/// shouldn't be mistaken for a table.
+fn derive_columns_from_horizontal_segments(horizontals: &[(f32, f32, f32)]) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    if horizontals.len() < 3 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let mut endpoints: Vec<f32> = Vec::with_capacity(horizontals.len() * 2);
+    for &(_, x_min, x_max) in horizontals {
+        endpoints.push(x_min);
+        endpoints.push(x_max);
+    }
+    let clusters = snap_edges(&endpoints, 5.0);
+    if clusters.len() < 3 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Bucket y-values to count unique rows. Tolerance ~0.1pt (×10
+    // rounding) tolerates the snap_edges 3pt clustering used later
+    // for row edges.
+    let unique_rows: HashSet<i32> = horizontals
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&(y, _, _)| (y * 10.0).round() as i32)
+        .collect();
+    if unique_rows.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let min_rows = (unique_rows.len() as f32 * 0.5).ceil() as usize;
+
+    let qualifying: Vec<f32> = clusters
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|&cluster_x| {
+            let rows_touched: HashSet<i32> = horizontals
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|&&(_, x_min, x_max)| {
+                    (x_min - cluster_x).abs() < 5.0 || (x_max - cluster_x).abs() < 5.0
+                })
+                .map(|&(y, _, _)| (y * 10.0).round() as i32)
+                .collect();
+            rows_touched.len() >= min_rows
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if qualifying.len() < 3 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(qualifying)
+}
+
 /// Detect tables from line segments on a given page.
 ///
 /// Lines are classified as horizontal or vertical, snapped into grid edges,
@@ -52,25 +115,50 @@ pub fn detect_tables_from_lines(items: &[TextItem], lines: &[PdfLine], page: u32
         // Diagonal lines are ignored
     }
 
-    if horizontals.len() < 3 || verticals.len() < 2 {
+    if horizontals.len() < 3 {
         return Vec::new();
     }
 
+    // If no/very-few vertical lines are drawn, try to derive column edges
+    // from the x-endpoints of the horizontal-rule segments. Catalog and
+    // archival-finding-aid layouts commonly draw each row's horizontal
+    // rule as N segments (one per cell), with no vertical dividers at
+    // all — the segment break points encode the column boundaries.
+    let implicit_col_edges: Option<Vec<f32>> = if verticals.len() < 2 {
+        derive_columns_from_horizontal_segments(&horizontals)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    if verticals.len() < 2 && implicit_col_edges.is_none() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let cols_from_segments = implicit_col_edges.is_some();
+
     log::debug!(
-        "detect_lines p{}: {} horiz, {} vert lines (of {} total on page)",
+        "detect_lines p{}: {} horiz, {} vert lines (of {} total on page){}",
         page,
         horizontals.len(),
         verticals.len(),
-        page_lines.len()
+        page_lines.len(),
+        if cols_from_segments {
+            " — columns from horizontal segments"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
     );
 
     // Snap Y-values of horizontal lines → row edges
     let h_ys: Vec<f32> = horizontals.iter().map(|(y, _, _)| *y).collect();
     let row_edges = snap_edges(&h_ys, 3.0);
 
-    // Snap X-values of vertical lines → column edges
-    let v_xs: Vec<f32> = verticals.iter().map(|(x, _, _)| *x).collect();
-    let col_edges = snap_edges(&v_xs, 3.0);
+    // Column edges from drawn verticals when present, else from the
+    // horizontal-segment endpoints derived above.
+    let col_edges = if let Some(c) = implicit_col_edges {
+        c
+    } else {
+        let v_xs: Vec<f32> = verticals.iter().map(|(x, _, _)| *x).collect();
+        snap_edges(&v_xs, 3.0)
+    };
 
     log::debug!(
         "detect_lines p{}: {} row edges, {} col edges after snap",
@@ -110,15 +198,21 @@ pub fn detect_tables_from_lines(items: &[TextItem], lines: &[PdfLine], page: u32
         return Vec::new();
     }
 
-    // Reject page-spanning frames: if the grid covers >90% of a standard page
-    // dimension in both axes, it's a border frame, not a table.
+    // Reject page-spanning frames: a decorative outer border has just 4
+    // edges (top/bottom/left/right). Real full-page tables — common in
+    // governmental ledgers, financial reports, etc. — span the same A4 /
+    // Letter dimensions but have many internal row/column rules. Only
+    // reject when the line set looks like a bare frame, not a grid.
     // Standard pages are ~595×842 (A4) or ~612×792 (Letter).
-    if table_width > 500.0 && table_height > 700.0 {
+    if table_width > 500.0 && table_height > 700.0 && horizontals.len() <= 4 && verticals.len() <= 4
+    {
         log::debug!(
-            "detect_lines p{}: rejected — page-spanning frame ({:.0}×{:.0})",
+            "detect_lines p{}: rejected — page-spanning frame ({:.0}×{:.0}, {} h + {} v)",
             page,
             table_width,
-            table_height
+            table_height,
+            horizontals.len(),
+            verticals.len()
         );
         return Vec::new();
     }
@@ -146,24 +240,33 @@ pub fn detect_tables_from_lines(items: &[TextItem], lines: &[PdfLine], page: u32
 
     // Validate vertical lines: at least 2 should span a meaningful height.
     // Full spanning (>30%) is ideal, but accept many shorter lines (>10%)
-    // for tables with partial column separators.
-    let spanning_v = verticals
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, y_min, y_max)| (y_max - y_min) > table_height * 0.3)
-        .count();
-    let partial_v = verticals
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, y_min, y_max)| (y_max - y_min) > table_height * 0.10)
-        .count();
-    if spanning_v < 2 && partial_v < 4 {
-        log::debug!(
-            "detect_lines p{}: rejected — {} spanning + {} partial V lines",
-            page,
-            spanning_v,
-            partial_v
-        );
-        return Vec::new();
-    }
+    // for tables with partial column separators. Skipped entirely when
+    // columns came from horizontal-segment endpoints — there are no
+    // vertical lines to validate against, and the segment-endpoint
+    // consistency check in `derive_columns_from_horizontal_segments`
+    // is the equivalent guard.
+    let spanning_v = if cols_from_segments {
+        0
+    } else {
+        let s = verticals
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, y_min, y_max)| (y_max - y_min) > table_height * 0.3)
+            .count();
+        let p = verticals
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, y_min, y_max)| (y_max - y_min) > table_height * 0.10)
+            .count();
+        if s < 2 && p < 4 {
+            log::debug!(
+                "detect_lines p{}: rejected — {} spanning + {} partial V lines",
+                page,
+                s,
+                p
+            );
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        s
+    };
 
     // Row edges need to be in descending order (top of page = higher Y first)
     let mut row_edges_desc = row_edges;
@@ -410,6 +513,135 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(tables.is_empty());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_horizontal_segments_only_implicit_columns_accepted() {
+        // Catalog/finding-aid pattern: each row's horizontal rule is
+        // drawn as 3 segments at consistent x-endpoints (50, 127, 485,
+        // 562), with no vertical lines anywhere. The segment break
+        // points must be inferred as column edges.
+        let mut lines = Vec::new();
+        // Slightly uneven row spacing so the chart-gridline rejector
+        // (CV < 0.02) doesn't fire.
+        let row_ys = [80.0_f32, 145.0, 215.0, 280.0, 350.0, 415.0, 485.0];
+        for &y in &row_ys {
+            lines.push(make_hline(y, 50.0, 127.0, 1));
+            lines.push(make_hline(y, 127.0, 485.0, 1));
+            lines.push(make_hline(y, 485.0, 562.0, 1));
+        }
+        // Populate every cell so capture / density checks pass.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        for w in row_ys.windows(2) {
+            let row_y = (w[0] + w[1]) / 2.0;
+            items.push(make_item("id", 80.0, row_y, 1));
+            items.push(make_item("description here", 200.0, row_y, 1));
+            items.push(make_item("date", 510.0, row_y, 1));
+        }
+        let tables = detect_tables_from_lines(&items, &lines, 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            tables.len(),
+            1,
+            "horizontal-segment-only grid should be accepted"
+        );
+        let t = &tables[0];
+        assert!(
+            t.cells.len() >= 4,
+            "expected ≥4 rows, got {}",
+            t.cells.len()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(t.cells[0].len(), 3, "expected 3 columns");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_horizontal_segments_with_inconsistent_endpoints_rejected() {
+        // Decorative rules of varying widths shouldn't be detected as a
+        // table — each line has its own x-endpoints, no consistent
+        // column boundary survives the 50%-of-rows threshold.
+        let lines = vec![
+            make_hline(100.0, 50.0, 150.0, 1),
+            make_hline(200.0, 50.0, 220.0, 1),
+            make_hline(300.0, 50.0, 310.0, 1),
+            make_hline(400.0, 50.0, 470.0, 1),
+        ];
+        let items = vec![
+            make_item("decorative", 100.0, 150.0, 1),
+            make_item("text", 100.0, 250.0, 1),
+        ];
+        let tables = detect_tables_from_lines(&items, &lines, 1);
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "varying-width decorative rules should not be detected"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_spanning_bare_frame_rejected() {
+        // Just an outer A4-sized rectangle: 2 horizontals + 2 verticals.
+        // No internal structure → decorative border, not a table.
+        let lines = vec![
+            make_hline(20.0, 20.0, 575.0, 1),  // top
+            make_hline(820.0, 20.0, 575.0, 1), // bottom
+            make_vline(20.0, 20.0, 820.0, 1),  // left
+            make_vline(575.0, 20.0, 820.0, 1), // right
+        ];
+        let items = vec![
+            make_item("title", 100.0, 100.0, 1),
+            make_item("body", 100.0, 200.0, 1),
+        ];
+        let tables = detect_tables_from_lines(&items, &lines, 1);
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "Page-sized 4-edge frame should be rejected as decoration"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_spanning_grid_with_internal_lines_accepted() {
+        // Full-page table (governmental-ledger pattern): A4-sized grid
+        // that previously hit the "page-spanning frame" early reject
+        // before downstream validation could even look at it.
+        // Verticals span the full table height so we isolate the
+        // frame-vs-grid decision under test.
+        let mut lines = Vec::new();
+        // 13 horizontal rules: header + 12 row separators
+        let h_ys = [
+            22.5, 37.9, 95.5, 144.5, 184.9, 233.9, 291.7, 340.7, 415.8, 499.6, 574.7, 623.7, 698.8,
+        ];
+        for &y in &h_ys {
+            lines.push(make_hline(y, 22.6, 566.6, 1));
+        }
+        // 7 column dividers spanning full table height.
+        let v_xs = [22.6, 66.3, 116.3, 186.6, 263.1, 493.5, 566.5];
+        for &x in &v_xs {
+            lines.push(make_vline(x, 22.5, 698.8, 1));
+        }
+        // Populate every cell so the capture-ratio + density checks pass.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        for r in 0..(h_ys.len() - 1) {
+            let row_y = (h_ys[r] + h_ys[r + 1]) / 2.0;
+            for c in 0..(v_xs.len() - 1) {
+                let col_x = (v_xs[c] + v_xs[c + 1]) / 2.0;
+                items.push(make_item("x", col_x, row_y, 1));
+            }
+        }
+        let tables = detect_tables_from_lines(&items, &lines, 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            tables.len(),
+            1,
+            "Full-page table with internal grid should be accepted"
+        );
+        let t = &tables[0];
+        assert!(
+            t.cells.len() >= 6,
+            "expected ≥6 rows, got {}",
+            t.cells.len()
+        );
+        assert!(
+            t.cells[0].len() >= 3,
+            "expected ≥3 columns, got {}",
+            t.cells[0].len()
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_single_column_rejected() {
         // Only 2 col edges (1 column) — not a table even with verticals

src/tables/detect_rects.rs

@@ -1394,13 +1394,15 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table(
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
     // Allow longer cells for multi-column tables (descriptions in one column
-    // are common).  Single-column or 2-column "tables" with giant cells are
-    // almost always layout backgrounds.
+    // are common). Narrow grids with giant cells are usually layout
+    // backgrounds — but only when the row count is also small. A 4+-row
+    // key/value table with one descriptive column reads as a real table
+    // on every other gate, so don't reject it on cell length alone.
     let max_allowed = if num_cols >= 3 { 2000 } else { 500 };
-    if max_cell_len > max_allowed {
+    if max_cell_len > max_allowed && non_empty_rows < 4 {
         debug!(
-            "  row-stripe rejected: max cell length {} > {} (layout background)",
-            max_cell_len, max_allowed
+            "  row-stripe rejected: max cell length {} > {} (layout background, {} rows)",
+            max_cell_len, max_allowed, non_empty_rows
         );
         return None;
     }
@@ -1632,17 +1634,59 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
         }
     };
 
-    let col_edges = match (rect_col_edges, text_col_edges) {
+    // For wired-grid tables whose header text is centered/right-aligned but
+    // whose data is left-aligned, cluster_x_positions can drop the header-only
+    // x-cluster in its singleton-filter pass and merge adjacent data clusters
+    // when the gap is below threshold, losing a column. Rect borders are
+    // ground truth in that case — but only when each rect column actually
+    // holds text. Decorative or background rects (prose laid out in a frame,
+    // cell-fill rects with extra borders) can produce more rect-derived
+    // columns than the text supports; preferring rects there would split a
+    // logical column into spurious sub-columns.
+    let rect_cols_match_text = match (&rect_col_edges, &text_col_edges) {
+        (Some(rect_edges), _) if rect_edges.len() >= 4 => {
+            let num_rect_cols = rect_edges.len() - 1;
+            let mut col_item_counts = vec![0usize; num_rect_cols];
+            for (_, item) in &page_items {
+                let cx = item.x + item.width / 2.0;
+                for c in 0..num_rect_cols {
+                    if cx >= rect_edges[c] - 2.0 && cx <= rect_edges[c + 1] + 2.0 {
+                        col_item_counts[c] += 1;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Require every rect column to hold multiple text items. A rect
+            // column with no (or only one) item is decorative or the rect grid
+            // is detecting a spurious column the data does not need; in those
+            // cases the old text-cluster preference is the safer fallback.
+            col_item_counts.iter().all(|&n| n >= 2)
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    };
+
+    let (col_edges, columns_from_text) = match (rect_col_edges, text_col_edges) {
+        (Some(rect_edges), text_edges_opt) if rect_cols_match_text => {
+            debug!(
+                "  cell-rect using {} rect-derived columns (text clusters: {}; rect cols well-distributed)",
+                rect_edges.len() - 1,
+                text_edges_opt
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|e| (e.len() - 1) as i32)
+                    .unwrap_or(-1)
+            );
+            (rect_edges, false)
+        }
         (Some(rect_edges), Some(text_edges)) if rect_edges.len() <= text_edges.len() => {
             debug!(
                 "  cell-rect using {} rect-derived columns over {} text clusters",
                 rect_edges.len() - 1,
                 text_edges.len() - 1
             );
-            rect_edges
+            (rect_edges, false)
         }
-        (_, Some(text_edges)) => text_edges,
-        (Some(rect_edges), None) => rect_edges,
+        (_, Some(text_edges)) => (text_edges, true),
+        (Some(rect_edges), None) => (rect_edges, false),
         (None, None) => {
             debug!(
                 "  cell-rect rejected: only {} columns from text clustering",
@@ -1667,12 +1711,25 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
         page_items.len()
     );
 
-    let (cells, item_indices) = assign_items_to_grid(items, &col_edges, &row_edges, page);
+    let (mut cells, item_indices) = assign_items_to_grid(items, &col_edges, &row_edges, page);
 
     if item_indices.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
 
+    let mut row_edges = row_edges;
+    let (collapsed_cells, collapsed_row_edges, collapsed_rows) =
+        collapse_multiline_description_rows(cells, row_edges, &col_edges);
+    let has_wrapped_description_rows = collapsed_rows > 0;
+    cells = collapsed_cells;
+    row_edges = collapsed_row_edges;
+    if collapsed_rows > 0 {
+        debug!(
+            "  cell-rect collapsed {} wrapped description rows",
+            collapsed_rows
+        );
+    }
+
     // Validate: >=2 non-empty rows, >=25% density
     let non_empty_rows = cells
         .iter()
@@ -1686,6 +1743,7 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
         return None;
     }
 
+    let num_rows = cells.len();
     let total_cells = (num_cols * num_rows) as f32;
     let non_empty_cells = cells
         .iter()
@@ -1705,17 +1763,21 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
         return None;
     }
 
-    // Reject tables with paragraph-length cells (layout backgrounds, not tables)
+    // Reject tables with paragraph-length cells — typically layout
+    // backgrounds (sidebars, banners) where a single big rectangle
+    // contains a wall of prose.  Spare multi-row key/value tables where
+    // the value column is a multi-bullet description: those pass every
+    // other gate and shouldn't get killed on cell length alone.
     let max_cell_len = cells
         .iter()
         .flat_map(|row| row.iter())
         .map(|c| c.len())
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
-    if max_cell_len > 500 {
+    if max_cell_len > 500 && non_empty_rows < 4 {
         debug!(
-            "  cell-rect rejected: max cell length {} > 500",
-            max_cell_len
+            "  cell-rect rejected: max cell length {} > 500 ({} rows, layout background)",
+            max_cell_len, non_empty_rows
         );
         return None;
     }
@@ -1742,7 +1804,7 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
     // well-distributed-cols check (both cols populated), so we need a
     // content-based signal to tell them apart.
     //
-    // Two layered checks combine after the 20%-of-cells prose-word
+    // Layered checks combine after the 20%-of-cells prose-word
     // trigger fires:
     //   (a) Long-cell content: prose-in-a-frame averages ~70-100 chars
     //       per non-empty cell (sentence fragments); real data tables
@@ -1753,7 +1815,10 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
     //       overrides the well-distributed relaxation — long cells
     //       are the strongest prose signal even when both cols are
     //       populated.
-    //   (b) Well-distributed columns: ≥75% of cols hold ≥2 non-empty
+    //   (b) Two-column text-only scaffold: when both columns were inferred
+    //       from text starts rather than rect edges, prose fragments can look
+    //       perfectly balanced. Require rect evidence for this relaxed shape.
+    //   (c) Well-distributed columns: ≥75% of cols hold ≥2 non-empty
     //       cells. Catches the prose-paragraph-as-many-cols shape
     //       while admitting real "label / value / description /
     //       benefit"-style tables.
@@ -1793,15 +1858,31 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
             // discriminator.
             const PROSE_MEAN_CHAR_THRESHOLD: usize = 65;
             let mean_chars = total_chars / counted;
-            if mean_chars > PROSE_MEAN_CHAR_THRESHOLD {
+            if mean_chars > PROSE_MEAN_CHAR_THRESHOLD && !has_wrapped_description_rows {
                 debug!(
                     "  cell-rect rejected: prose-in-frame, mean non-empty cell {} chars > {} (prose words {}/{})",
                     mean_chars, PROSE_MEAN_CHAR_THRESHOLD, prose_cells, counted
                 );
                 return None;
+            } else if mean_chars > PROSE_MEAN_CHAR_THRESHOLD {
+                debug!(
+                    "  cell-rect prose check relaxed: wrapped description rows, mean {} chars (prose words {}/{})",
+                    mean_chars, prose_cells, counted
+                );
             }
 
-            // (b) Well-distributed columns.
+            // (b) Two text-derived columns are not enough vector evidence once
+            // the content looks prose-like. Real 2-col rect tables still pass
+            // when the column scaffold comes from drawn cell geometry.
+            if columns_from_text && num_cols == 2 {
+                debug!(
+                    "  cell-rect rejected: prose-in-frame with text-derived 2-col scaffold (mean {} chars, prose words {}/{})",
+                    mean_chars, prose_cells, counted
+                );
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            // (c) Well-distributed columns.
             let filled_cols = (0..num_cols)
                 .filter(|&c| {
                     cells
@@ -1849,6 +1930,132 @@ fn detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(
     Some(Table::new(column_centers, row_centers, cells, item_indices))
 }
 
+/// Merge wrapped description-line bands back into their visual data rows.
+///
+/// Some Word/PDF exports draw enough rectangle geometry to prove a table exists
+/// but expose Y bands per wrapped text line instead of per cell row. In the
+/// common mapping-table shape, a narrow row-label column precedes one wide
+/// description column, and wrapped continuation bands have content only in that
+/// wide column. Merge only that high-confidence shape so framed prose still
+/// falls through the existing prose guards.
+fn collapse_multiline_description_rows(
+    cells: Vec<Vec<String>>,
+    row_edges: Vec<f32>,
+    col_edges: &[f32],
+) -> (Vec<Vec<String>>, Vec<f32>, usize) {
+    let num_rows = cells.len();
+    let num_cols = col_edges.len().saturating_sub(1);
+    if num_rows < 3 || num_cols < 3 || row_edges.len() != num_rows + 1 {
+        return (cells, row_edges, 0);
+    }
+
+    let table_width = col_edges[num_cols] - col_edges[0];
+    if table_width <= 0.0 {
+        return (cells, row_edges, 0);
+    }
+
+    let Some((description_col, description_width)) = (0..num_cols)
+        .map(|c| (c, col_edges[c + 1] - col_edges[c]))
+        .max_by(|a, b| a.1.total_cmp(&b.1))
+    else {
+        return (cells, row_edges, 0);
+    };
+
+    // Require a preceding row-label column. Without it (e.g. a prose frame
+    // split into text-start columns), "one populated wide column" is not enough
+    // evidence to find visual row starts safely.
+    if description_col == 0 || description_width < table_width * 0.35 {
+        return (cells, row_edges, 0);
+    }
+
+    let row_has_left_label = |row: &[String]| {
+        row.iter()
+            .take(description_col)
+            .any(|cell| !cell.trim().is_empty())
+    };
+    let labeled_rows = cells.iter().filter(|row| row_has_left_label(row)).count();
+    if labeled_rows < 2 {
+        return (cells, row_edges, 0);
+    }
+
+    let mut merged_rows = 0usize;
+    let mut wrapped_description_rows = 0usize;
+    let mut new_cells: Vec<Vec<String>> = Vec::with_capacity(num_rows);
+    let mut new_edges = Vec::with_capacity(row_edges.len());
+    new_edges.push(row_edges[0]);
+
+    for (row_idx, row) in cells.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let desc_text = row
+            .get(description_col)
+            .map(String::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or("")
+            .trim();
+        let left_label = row_has_left_label(&row);
+        let non_desc_non_empty = row
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(col, cell)| *col != description_col && !cell.trim().is_empty())
+            .count();
+
+        // Wrapped continuation bands contain only description-column text.
+        // The preceding label/marker column is empty because the visual row's
+        // label cell spans the whole wrapped block.
+        let is_description_continuation = row_idx > 0
+            && !desc_text.is_empty()
+            && !left_label
+            && non_desc_non_empty == 0
+            && !new_cells.is_empty();
+
+        // Header cells are often split as "Controls" / "Version" in the first
+        // column while the other header labels sit on the first band.
+        let only_first_col = row
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .all(|(col, cell)| col == 0 || cell.trim().is_empty());
+        let is_header_continuation = row_idx > 0
+            && only_first_col
+            && row
+                .first()
+                .is_some_and(|cell| !cell.trim().is_empty() && cell.chars().count() <= 24)
+            && !new_cells.is_empty()
+            && new_cells
+                .last()
+                .is_some_and(|prev| prev.iter().filter(|c| !c.trim().is_empty()).count() >= 2);
+
+        if is_description_continuation || is_header_continuation {
+            if let Some(prev) = new_cells.last_mut() {
+                for (col, cell) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let text = cell.trim();
+                    if text.is_empty() {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if !prev[col].trim().is_empty() {
+                        prev[col].push(' ');
+                    }
+                    prev[col].push_str(text);
+                }
+            }
+            merged_rows += 1;
+            if is_description_continuation {
+                wrapped_description_rows += 1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if !new_cells.is_empty() {
+                new_edges.push(row_edges[row_idx]);
+            }
+            new_cells.push(row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    new_edges.push(*row_edges.last().unwrap());
+
+    if merged_rows == 0 || new_cells.len() < 2 || new_edges.len() != new_cells.len() + 1 {
+        return (new_cells, row_edges, 0);
+    }
+
+    (new_cells, new_edges, wrapped_description_rows)
+}
+
 /// Detect a table by merging all cluster rects into one group.
 ///
 /// This handles clip-path PDFs where each column's cell rects form a separate
@@ -1984,18 +2191,20 @@ fn detect_merged_cluster_table(
         return None;
     }
 
-    // Reject if any cell has excessive text — layout background rects produce
-    // "cells" containing paragraphs, not short data-table values.
+    // Reject if any cell has excessive text — layout background rects
+    // produce "cells" containing paragraphs, not short data-table values.
+    // Multi-row key/value tables can legitimately have one column of
+    // long descriptive text, so only reject narrow-row layouts here.
     let max_cell_len = cells
         .iter()
         .flat_map(|row| row.iter())
         .map(|c| c.len())
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
-    if max_cell_len > 500 {
+    if max_cell_len > 500 && non_empty_rows < 4 {
         debug!(
-            "  merged-cluster rejected: max cell length {} > 500 (layout background)",
-            max_cell_len
+            "  merged-cluster rejected: max cell length {} > 500 ({} rows, layout background)",
+            max_cell_len, non_empty_rows
         );
         return None;
     }
@@ -2425,6 +2634,46 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_row_stripe_accepts_multi_row_key_value_long_cells() {
+        // Multi-row 2-column key/value table where one value cell holds
+        // a paragraph (>500 chars).  The old `max_cell_len > 500` check
+        // rejected this shape as a "layout background"; with the
+        // multi-row guard, it should be accepted.
+        let mut rects = Vec::new();
+        let row_h = 25.0_f32;
+        let y_top = 700.0_f32;
+        for i in 0..8 {
+            let y = y_top - (i as f32) * row_h;
+            rects.push((40.0, y, 510.0, row_h));
+        }
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..8 {
+            let row_center_y = y_top - (i as f32) * row_h + row_h / 2.0;
+            // Left column: short label
+            items.push(make_item(&format!("Field {}", i), 45.0, row_center_y, 10.0));
+            // Right column: short value, except the last row which is a paragraph
+            let value = if i == 7 {
+                "X".repeat(800)
+            } else {
+                "value".to_string()
+            };
+            items.push(make_item(&value, 300.0, row_center_y, 10.0));
+        }
+        let result = detect_row_stripe_table(&items, &rects, 1);
+        assert!(
+            result.is_some(),
+            "multi-row key/value table with one long cell should be accepted"
+        );
+        let t = result.unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            t.cells.len() >= 4,
+            "expected ≥4 rows, got {}",
+            t.cells.len()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(t.cells[0].len(), 2, "expected 2 columns");
+    }
+
     // --- propagate_merged_cells ---
 
     #[test]
@@ -3039,6 +3288,232 @@ mod tests {
         // If tables were detected, that's also acceptable
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn text_derived_two_col_prose_is_not_cell_rect_table() {
+        let page = 1;
+        let mut rects = Vec::new();
+        for row in 0..8 {
+            rects.push(PdfRect {
+                x: 50.0,
+                y: 100.0 + row as f32 * 20.0,
+                width: 180.0,
+                height: 18.0,
+                page,
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        let left = [
+            "the annual plan was revised",
+            "and the team noted changes",
+            "this section explains limits",
+            "with additional notes below",
+            "the policy was reviewed",
+            "and results are summarized",
+            "this appendix describes scope",
+            "with examples for reference",
+        ];
+        let right = [
+            "for each area in the review",
+            "as part of the assessment",
+            "that were applied in context",
+            "to support the conclusion",
+            "for use by the committee",
+            "as shown in the narrative",
+            "that remain under discussion",
+            "to clarify the method",
+        ];
+        for row in 0..8 {
+            let y = 104.0 + row as f32 * 20.0;
+            let mut left_item = make_item(left[row], 60.0, y, 9.0);
+            left_item.width = 50.0;
+            items.push(left_item);
+            let mut right_item = make_item(right[row], 150.0, y, 9.0);
+            right_item.width = 50.0;
+            items.push(right_item);
+        }
+
+        let (tables, _hints) = detect_tables_from_rects(&items, &rects, page);
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "text-derived two-column prose must not be accepted as a rect table; got {:?}",
+            tables
+                .iter()
+                .map(|t| (t.rows.len(), t.columns.len()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiline_indented_description_rows_collapse_to_visual_rows() {
+        let page = 1;
+        let col_edges = [0.0, 60.0, 420.0, 460.0, 500.0, 540.0];
+        let row_edges = [
+            340.0, 320.0, 300.0, 270.0, 250.0, 230.0, 200.0, 180.0, 160.0,
+        ];
+
+        let mut rects = Vec::new();
+        for row in 0..row_edges.len() - 1 {
+            let y_top = row_edges[row];
+            let y_bot = row_edges[row + 1];
+            for col in 0..col_edges.len() - 1 {
+                rects.push((
+                    col_edges[col],
+                    y_bot,
+                    col_edges[col + 1] - col_edges[col],
+                    y_top - y_bot,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut items = vec![
+            make_item("Controls", 8.0, 330.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("Control", 70.0, 330.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("IG 1", 428.0, 330.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("IG 2", 468.0, 330.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("IG 3", 508.0, 330.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("Version", 8.0, 310.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("v8", 20.0, 285.0, 9.0),
+            make_item(
+                "4.5 Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices",
+                70.0,
+                285.0,
+                9.0,
+            ),
+            make_item("*", 438.0, 285.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("*", 478.0, 285.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("*", 518.0, 285.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("v7", 20.0, 215.0, 9.0),
+            make_item(
+                "9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port-Filtering",
+                70.0,
+                215.0,
+                9.0,
+            ),
+            make_item("*", 478.0, 215.0, 9.0),
+            make_item("*", 518.0, 215.0, 9.0),
+        ];
+        items.push(make_item(
+            "Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool",
+            84.0,
+            260.0,
+            8.0,
+        ));
+        items.push(make_item(
+            "on end-user devices with a default-deny rule",
+            84.0,
+            240.0,
+            8.0,
+        ));
+        items.push(make_item(
+            "Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems",
+            84.0,
+            190.0,
+            8.0,
+        ));
+        items.push(make_item(
+            "and deny unauthorized network communication",
+            84.0,
+            170.0,
+            8.0,
+        ));
+
+        let table = detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(&items, &rects, page)
+            .expect("expected multiline description table");
+        assert_eq!(table.columns.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(
+            table.rows.len(),
+            3,
+            "wrapped lines should collapse to header plus two data rows"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(table.cells[0][0], "Controls Version");
+        assert!(table.cells[1][1].contains("host-based firewall"));
+        assert!(table.cells[1][1].contains("default-deny rule"));
+        assert!(table.cells[2][1].contains("deny unauthorized"));
+    }
+
+    /// Wire-bordered 4-column table whose header text is centered/right-aligned
+    /// inside each cell while the data is left-aligned: cluster_x_positions
+    /// merges adjacent columns (data Item→EAN gap is below threshold) and
+    /// drops the header-only x-clusters in the filter pass, leaving only 3
+    /// text-derived columns. Rect borders are 4 columns of ground truth.
+    /// Before the fix the cell-rect path preferred text edges when they were
+    /// the smaller set — losing a column. After the fix, 3+ rect columns
+    /// always win.
+    #[test]
+    fn wired_header_data_misaligned_keeps_all_columns_from_rects() {
+        let page = 1;
+        // 4 cols: Item | EAN | Nombre | Cant
+        let col_xs = [380.0_f32, 410.0, 470.0, 660.0, 700.0];
+        // Header + 9 data rows at 15pt tall each (y descending).
+        let row_ys: Vec<f32> = (0..=10).map(|r| 400.0 - 15.0 * r as f32).collect();
+
+        let mut rects: Vec<(f32, f32, f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        for r in 0..10 {
+            let y_top = row_ys[r];
+            let y_bot = row_ys[r + 1];
+            for c in 0..4 {
+                rects.push((col_xs[c], y_bot, col_xs[c + 1] - col_xs[c], y_top - y_bot));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut items: Vec<TextItem> = Vec::new();
+        // Header row (y ≈ 392.5): headers sit further to the right than data
+        // because they are centered/right-aligned in the cells.
+        items.push(make_item("Item", 389.0, 392.5, 9.0));
+        items.push(make_item("EAN", 432.0, 392.5, 9.0));
+        items.push(make_item("Nombre", 552.0, 392.5, 9.0));
+        items.push(make_item("Cant", 672.0, 392.5, 9.0));
+
+        let names = [
+            "Arnes Frontal",
+            "Arnes Motor",
+            "Arnes Piso",
+            "Arnes Techo",
+            "Arnes Puerta",
+            "Arnes Tablero",
+            "Arnes Trasero",
+            "Arnes Lateral",
+            "Arnes Sensor",
+        ];
+        for r in 0..9 {
+            let y = 377.5 - 15.0 * r as f32;
+            items.push(make_item(&(r + 1).to_string(), 396.0, y, 9.0));
+            items.push(make_item("7701023403016", 410.0, y, 9.0));
+            items.push(make_item(names[r], 480.0, y, 9.0));
+            items.push(make_item("1", 680.0, y, 9.0));
+        }
+
+        let table = detect_row_stripe_table_from_cell_rects(&items, &rects, page)
+            .expect("wired 4-column table with header/data x-misalignment must detect");
+        assert_eq!(
+            table.columns.len(),
+            4,
+            "expected 4 columns from rect borders; cells: {:?}",
+            table.cells
+        );
+        for c in 0..4 {
+            let any_populated = table.cells.iter().any(|row| !row[c].trim().is_empty());
+            assert!(
+                any_populated,
+                "column {} empty across all rows; cells: {:?}",
+                c, table.cells
+            );
+        }
+        // Header row populated in all 4 cells.
+        let header = &table.cells[0];
+        assert_eq!(header[0].trim(), "Item");
+        assert_eq!(header[1].trim(), "EAN");
+        assert_eq!(header[2].trim(), "Nombre");
+        assert_eq!(header[3].trim(), "Cant");
+        // First data row: Item="1", EAN, name, count="1" — no Item↔EAN merge.
+        let data1 = &table.cells[1];
+        assert_eq!(data1[0].trim(), "1");
+        assert_eq!(data1[1].trim(), "7701023403016");
+        assert!(data1[2].trim().contains("Arnes"));
+        assert_eq!(data1[3].trim(), "1");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn failed_cluster_no_hint_without_items() {
         // Rects with no text items inside → no failed-cluster hint generated.

tests/integration_tests.rs

@@ -1648,6 +1648,33 @@ fn test_bits_pilani_page8_table_detection() {
     assert!(!region.needs_ocr, "Page 8 table should still be detected");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_extract_tables_in_regions_uses_line_grid() {
+    // Stroked-grid table (m/l/S path operators forming a 2x2 grid).
+    // The heuristic text-only detector handles the same cells already,
+    // so this guards that the line-backed path doesn't regress: the
+    // markdown still contains all four data cells.
+    let buf = synthetic_vector_grid_pdf(false);
+    let results =
+        extract_tables_in_regions_mem(&buf, &[(0, vec![[40.0, 50.0, 220.0, 760.0]])]).unwrap();
+    let region = &results[0].regions[0];
+    assert!(
+        !region.needs_ocr,
+        "stroked-grid table should be extracted, got needs_ocr=true"
+    );
+    for tok in ["A1", "B1", "A2", "B2"] {
+        assert!(
+            region.text.contains(tok),
+            "expected '{tok}' in output, got: {}",
+            region.text
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(
+        region.text.contains('|'),
+        "expected pipe-delimited markdown"
+    );
+}
+
 // =========================================================================
 // extract_tables_with_structure_mem tests (TSR-aware path)
 // =========================================================================