pdf-inspector/tests/snapshots/real-estate-pricing.md

# HowShould CommercialRealEstate

# BePriced?

*Commercial real estate pricing* **C O M M E R C I A L R E A L E S T A T E** pricingisliketheweather:everyonetalks *needs disciplined and systematic*about it, but few understand it. Most observers base "appropriate" real estate *analysis of the data.* pricing on historical norms. The cap rate—anindicatorofvaluerelativetosta- bilized net operating income (NOI) before capital expenditures, tenant improvement,andleasingcommissions— isthemostcommonlyusedmetricofreal estate pricing. But cap rates have been largelyunresponsivetoalternativeratesof return available to investors, with the **P E T E R L I N N E M A N** exception of BBB bonds, throughout

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**Table I: Cap rate correlations**

**Cap Rate Correlation With:*** **BBB Corp** **10-Year Bond Yield S&P Dividend** **Treasury (10-15 yr) Yield** Multifamily 0.187 0.771 0.068 Industrial-0.221 0.748-0.307 CBD Office-0.449 0.694-0.458 Retail-0.181 0.649-02.58

* Based on 25 years of data for the 10-yrT & S&P DivYld; and 14 years for BBB.
**Figure 1:** NCREIF cap rates vs. 10-yearTreasury
 12 10 8 Percent 6 4 2 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Apartment Retail ndustrial 10-yr reasury CBD Office

most of the past twenty-five years (Table presented in Figure 2 with an eighteen-

I). Such a relationship defies investment monthlag.Thisdataprovidesanoverview theory,asrealestatepricingshouldchange ofthepricingofinstitutionalqualityreal as property risks and the returns of alter-estate.Figure2reflectsthesecapratesnet nativeinvestmentschange. of the ten-year Treasury yield. Since cap Figure1displaysNCREIFcapratesby rate spreads are highly correlated across property type compared to the ten-year propertytypes(TableII),wecanspeakof Treasury yield. Because the National "cap rates" without reference to property Council of Real Estate Investment type with little loss of insight. Cap rate Fiduciaries (NCREIF) cap rate data is spreadswerenegativeintheearlytomid- seriouslyflawedduetoappraisallags,itis 1980s, when purchasing real estate was
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**Figure 2:** Capratespreadsover10-yearTreasury

**Basis Points -200** -400

-600

-800

| 1982                                          | 1986 Apartment | Industrial  | 1994                                          | 1998 Office-CBD | 2002       | 2006 Retail |
| --------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ----------- | --------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ---------- | ----------- |
| Table II: Correlationsofspreadsbypropertytype |                | Multifamily | Correlation of Cap Rate Spreads Over Treasury | Industrial      | CBD Office |             |
| Industrial                                    |                | 0.937       |                                               |                 |            |             |
| CBDOffice                                     |                | 0.924       |                                               |                 |            |             |
| Retail                                        |                | 0.922       |                                               | 0.969           | 0.964      |             |

1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

more about investing in tax losses than real estate cash streams. When tax laws dramatically changed in 1986, cap rate spreads rose, though they generally remained negative due to the availability of excess leverage through 1990 and pro- jections of strong cash flow growth, in spite of weak fundamentals. Throughout the first two-thirds of the 1990s, spreads substantially widened as capital abandoned real estate. Spreads fur- ther widened in the latter part of the 1990s, as investors scorned cash flow dur- ing the tech bubble and treasury rates drifted downward. As the tech bubble

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burst, cap rates spreads steadily com- pressed, recently falling to approximately zero. And if NOI cap rate spreads are roughly zero, cash flow cap rate spreads (after reserves for tenant improvements, leasing commissions, and capital expendi- tures) are well below zero. This compression of cap rates and cap rate spreads over the past five years has generated enormous wealth for real estate owners. In fact, the combination of cheap debt and cap rate compression covered a multitude of property underwriting errors made during the past five years, as neither cap rate compression nor narrow-

ingdebtspreadswerepartoforiginalpro formamodels.Thiscapratespreadcom- pressionoffsetweakcashflowsinapost- recessionary economy from 2002 to 2005, while continued compression, combined with improved cash flows, pushed property values skyward in 2006 throughmid-2007. Cap rate compression reduced the importance of the ability to add value. After all, if all you had to do to make moneywastoleveragetothehiltwhilecap ratesfell,whytakeontheextraworkand riskofattemptingtoaddvalue?Stateddif- ferently: Why print money if it is laying everywhereonthestreets? In Tables III and IV, we demonstrate thepowerofcapratecompressionviavery simple pro forma cash flow analyses that assume Year 1 NOI of $100; a going-in cap rate of 9 percent; an LTV of 70 per- cent; and an interest rate of 7 percent. Withineachfigure,wedisplaytwoscenar- ios, which vary based on NOI growth assumptions.ScenarioIassumesthatNOI growsby3percentperyear,whileScenario IIassumesavalue-addNOIgrowthof20 percentbetweenyearstwoandthree. The only other difference between TablesIIIandIVisinresidualcaprates, which are assumed to be 6 percent and 9 percent, respectively. Based on these assumptions, we calculate the equity IRRs. It is clear that cap rate compres- sion is a significant factor in driving

returns. That is, cap rate compression from 9 percent to 6 percent increased IRR on leveraged stabilized properties by 250 percent, to a staggering 57 per- cent. Who needs to take on value add riskatthisreturnforstabilizedassets? Intheearly1980s,moneywasmadein real estate by mastering the creation and syndication of tax gimmicks. In the late 1980s, one made money by mastering bank and S&L connections to over-lever- age.Intheearly1990s,onemademoneyin realestatebyhavingaccesstoequity—the morethebetter.Duringthelate1990s,one made money from real estate by realizing large spreads between cap rates and debt costs.And,overthepastfiveyears,theway to make money in real estate was to own realestateonahighlyleveragedbasisascap ratesplunged. Theclassicassetpricingmodelisthe capital asset pricing model (CAPM). CAPM is a simple, yet elegant, model that relates asset pricing to the risk-free rate(F),theabilityofanassettoreduce portfolio variance (B), and the expected rate of return on the market bundle of investableassets(M).CAPMisfarfrom perfect,butprovidesacrudebenchmark for asset pricing, around which discrep- ancies and novelties arise. Specifically, CAPM states that an asset’s price is set suchthattheexpectedreturnforanasset

(R)is R=F+ β(M-F).
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