Abimael MartellandCursor
b375d6f102
* feat(markdown): underline emission, Unicode scripts, style-preserving merges (ENG-5015 2b)
Three formatting losses in the direct-extraction markdown path:
1. text_with_formatting gains <u> run emission (detect_underline option,
default on) using the geometric is_underline flag from 1.9.9.
Underline runs stay free of nested bold/italic markers — consumers
match tag content literally. Heading lines keep plain text for
bold/italic but preserve <u>: the tag carries meaning `#` doesn't.
2. merge_subscript_items now maps absorbed digit scripts to Unicode
sub/superscript forms with direction from the baseline offset
("H"+"2" -> "H₂", "word"+raised "2" -> "word²", "m"+"3" -> "m³").
NFKC/NFKD folds these back to plain digits so text matching
downstream is unaffected; renderers keep the script semantics.
3. merge_text_items no longer merges across bold/italic boundaries —
absorbing a styled run into a plain neighbor erased the styling
before markdown emission ever saw it. On eval docs this recovers
20-82 italic runs per document that previously emitted as plain.
Snapshots regenerated (diffs are the features: CCl₂F₂, m³, underlined
legal section headings, finer bold runs). pdf-evals regression suite:
202/202 real PDFs pass. napi 1.9.9 -> 1.9.10.
Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
* fix(extractor): break merges at underline boundaries too (review)
OR-merging underline stretched the eventual <u> span over neighboring
plain fragments. Merge runs now break on any style-flag change, the
redundant accumulator is gone, and format_list_item learned to move
bullet markers outside <u> wrappers so fully-underlined bullet lines
still render as markdown lists. td9264 snapshot regenerated — spans are
tighter (trailing periods correctly outside the tag).
Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
* fix(markdown): strip stray spaces before sentence punctuation (review)
Style-boundary item splits can strand a trailing period in its own
fragment, and multiple assembly paths join fragments with spaces,
yielding "word ." artifacts. Rather than chasing every join site, a
postprocess pass removes a space before `.`/`,`/`;` when the mark ends
its token (whitespace, cell boundary `|`, or end of text follows).
Dot leaders/ellipses and mid-token periods are untouched.
Fixes the td9264 "companies ." artifacts and two pre-existing
"armoring ," artifacts in the 2013-app2 snapshot. pdf-evals: zero
markdown diffs across all 203 corpus PDFs vs committed baselines.
Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
* fix(tables): trim spaces inside parenthetical cell fragments
* fix(tables): reject sparse prose row-stripe tables
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Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
6.2 KiB
HowShould CommercialRealEstate
BePriced?
Commercial real estate pricing C O M M E R C I A L R E A L E S T A T E pricingisliketheweather:everyonetalks needs disciplined and systematicabout it, but few understand it. Most observers base “appropriate” real estate analysis of the data. pricing on historical norms. The cap rate—anindicatorofvaluerelativetosta- bilized net operating income (NOI) before capital expenditures, tenant improvement,andleasingcommissions— isthemostcommonlyusedmetricofreal estate pricing. But cap rates have been largelyunresponsivetoalternativeratesof return available to investors, with the P E T E R L I N N E M A N exception of BBB bonds, throughout
8 4 Z E L L / L U R I E R E A L E S T A T E C E N T E R
Table I: Cap rate correlations Cap Rate Correlation With:* BBB Corp 10-Year Bond Yield S&P Dividend Treasury (10-15 yr) Yield Multifamily 0.187 0.771 0.068 Industrial-0.221 0.748-0.307 CBD Office-0.449 0.694-0.458 Retail-0.181 0.649-02.58
- Based on 25 years of data for the 10-yrT & S&P DivYld; and 14 years for BBB. Figure 1: NCREIF cap rates vs. 10-yearTreasury 12 10 8 Percent 6 4 2 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 Apartment Retail ndustrial 10-yr reasury CBD Office
most of the past twenty-five years (Table presented in Figure 2 with an eighteen-
I). Such a relationship defies investment monthlag.Thisdataprovidesanoverview theory,asrealestatepricingshouldchange ofthepricingofinstitutionalqualityreal as property risks and the returns of alter-estate.Figure2reflectsthesecapratesnet nativeinvestmentschange. of the ten-year Treasury yield. Since cap Figure1displaysNCREIFcapratesby rate spreads are highly correlated across property type compared to the ten-year propertytypes(TableII),wecanspeakof Treasury yield. Because the National “cap rates” without reference to property Council of Real Estate Investment type with little loss of insight. Cap rate Fiduciaries (NCREIF) cap rate data is spreadswerenegativeintheearlytomid- seriouslyflawedduetoappraisallags,itis 1980s, when purchasing real estate was R E V I E W 8 5
Figure 2: Capratespreadsover10-yearTreasury
Basis Points -200
-400
-600
-800
| 1982 | 1986 | 1990 | 1998 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apartment | Industrial | Office-CBD | Retail |
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Table II: Correlationsofspreadsbypropertytype Correlation of Cap Rate Spreads Over Treasury Multifamily Industrial CBD Office
| Multifamily | Industrial | CBD Office | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial | 0.937 | ||
| CBDOffice | 0.924 | ||
| Retail | 0.922 | 0.969 | 0.964 |
more about investing in tax losses than burst, cap rates spreads steadily com- real estate cash streams. When tax laws pressed, recently falling to approximately dramatically changed in 1986, cap rate zero. And if NOI cap rate spreads are spreads rose, though they generally roughly zero, cash flow cap rate spreads remained negative due to the availability (after reserves for tenant improvements, of excess leverage through 1990 and pro-leasing commissions, and capital expendi- jections of strong cash flow growth, in tures) are well below zero. spite of weak fundamentals. This compression of cap rates and cap Throughout the first two-thirds of the rate spreads over the past five years has 1990s, spreads substantially widened as generated enormous wealth for real estate capital abandoned real estate. Spreads fur-owners. In fact, the combination of cheap ther widened in the latter part of the debt and cap rate compression covered a 1990s, as investors scorned cash flow dur-multitude of property underwriting ing the tech bubble and treasury rates errors made during the past five years, as drifted downward. As the tech bubble neither cap rate compression nor narrow-
8 6 Z E L L / L U R I E R E A L E S T A T E C E N T E R
ingdebtspreadswerepartoforiginalpro formamodels.Thiscapratespreadcom- pressionoffsetweakcashflowsinapost- recessionary economy from 2002 to 2005, while continued compression, combined with improved cash flows, pushed property values skyward in 2006 throughmid-2007. Cap rate compression reduced the importance of the ability to add value. After all, if all you had to do to make moneywastoleveragetothehiltwhilecap ratesfell,whytakeontheextraworkand riskofattemptingtoaddvalue?Stateddif- ferently: Why print money if it is laying everywhereonthestreets? In Tables III and IV, we demonstrate thepowerofcapratecompressionviavery simple pro forma cash flow analyses that assume Year 1 NOI of $100; a going-in cap rate of 9 percent; an LTV of 70 per- cent; and an interest rate of 7 percent. Withineachfigure,wedisplaytwoscenar- ios, which vary based on NOI growth assumptions.ScenarioIassumesthatNOI growsby3percentperyear,whileScenario IIassumesavalue-addNOIgrowthof20 percentbetweenyearstwoandthree. The only other difference between TablesIIIandIVisinresidualcaprates, which are assumed to be 6 percent and 9 percent, respectively. Based on these assumptions, we calculate the equity IRRs. It is clear that cap rate compres- sion is a significant factor in driving
returns. That is, cap rate compression from 9 percent to 6 percent increased IRR on leveraged stabilized properties by 250 percent, to a staggering 57 per- cent. Who needs to take on value add riskatthisreturnforstabilizedassets? Intheearly1980s,moneywasmadein real estate by mastering the creation and syndication of tax gimmicks. In the late 1980s, one made money by mastering bank and S&L connections to over-lever- age.Intheearly1990s,onemademoneyin realestatebyhavingaccesstoequity—the morethebetter.Duringthelate1990s,one made money from real estate by realizing large spreads between cap rates and debt costs.And,overthepastfiveyears,theway to make money in real estate was to own realestateonahighlyleveragedbasisascap ratesplunged. Theclassicassetpricingmodelisthe capital asset pricing model (CAPM). CAPM is a simple, yet elegant, model that relates asset pricing to the risk-free rate(F),theabilityofanassettoreduce portfolio variance (B), and the expected rate of return on the market bundle of investableassets(M).CAPMisfarfrom perfect,butprovidesacrudebenchmark for asset pricing, around which discrep- ancies and novelties arise. Specifically, CAPM states that an asset’s price is set suchthattheexpectedreturnforanasset
(R)is R=F+ β(M-F). R E V I E W 8 7