chore(release): bump package versions

* fix(structure-tree): bound tagged /K parsing against alias/cycle DoS

A struct element that references itself (or an ancestor) through /K — e.g.
/K [n 0 R n 0 R] — made parse_struct_element_dict branch exponentially:
the depth cap (64) alone still permits 2^depth materialized nodes, so a
~830-byte PDF exhausts memory (OOM, exit 134).

Add a StructWalk carrying (1) an active-path set of object IDs so a node
that references itself/an ancestor is not re-expanded (breaks self- and
mutual-reference cycles cheaply), and (2) a global node budget
(MAX_STRUCT_NODES) that caps total materialization for aliased/DAG-shaped
graphs of distinct objects the path guard cannot catch.

Adds regression tests for self-alias, mutual-alias, and the aliased-DAG
budget cap.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): charge /K content refs against the node budget

The per-node budget only covered materialized struct elements and child
recursion; bare MCIDs and MCR dicts in a /K array append to content_refs
without charging it, so one element with a very wide /K array could still
allocate content_refs without bound. Charge every /K array item before
handling it, and stop the top-level /K loop once the budget is spent, so
content refs and loop work are bounded too. Adds a wide-MCID-array test.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): charge /K budget per materialized item, not per array entry

Charging every /K array item double-counted structural children (charged
here and again at their node entry) and charged cycle-skipped references
that materialize nothing, draining the budget up to ~2x faster than the
per-node semantics and risking early truncation of large legitimate trees.
Charge only the unbounded content-ref items (bare MCIDs and MCR dicts);
structural children remain charged once at their node entry.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* refactor(structure-tree): charge every content ref uniformly via helper

Route all budget charges through StructWalk::charge() so every
marked-content reference is charged once, including the single-value /K
branches (bare integer and MCR dict) that previously appended without
charging. charge() also guards against underflow, so charging after the
node-entry charge (which can leave the budget at 0) is safe. Makes the
documented per-item budget contract hold uniformly across all branches.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* feat(structure-tree): log once when the node budget truncates parsing

Add a one-shot truncation flag on StructWalk, set the first time the
budget is exhausted, and emit a single warn! after parsing so an operator
can tell when a (very large or malformed) tagged tree was cut off. Avoids
per-item log spam; negligible overhead on the normal path.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): flag truncation at budget guards, not just in charge

The truncation flag was only set inside charge() on the budget==0 branch,
but the dominant skip paths use budget==0 guards that break/return before
charge() is ever called with an empty budget, so the flag (and the warn!)
almost never fired. Route those guards through a new exhausted() that sets
the flag when it skips remaining work. Adds a parser-level test that would
have caught the missed warning.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): flag cycle/depth skips and charge bare MCIDs fully

Two review follow-ups:
- Cycle-broken and depth-capped /K skips dropped tagged content without
  setting the truncation flag, so the one-shot warning never fired for
  malformed/over-deep trees. Mark those skips via note_skipped() and
  broaden the warning to cover non-budget truncation.
- A bare /K MCID materializes a wrapper node AND a content reference but
  charged only one budget unit, allowing ~2x the advertised budget for
  such content; charge both.

Adds tests: cycle-skip flags truncation, and bare MCID charges two units.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): charge MCR-dict wrappers the same two units as bare MCIDs

A top-level MCR /K dict flows through parse_kid -> parse_struct_element_dict
and materializes a Span node + one content ref (two items) but was charged
only one unit at node entry, while the bare-MCID path charges two. Charge
the content reference in the MCR branch too so the per-item budget is
uniform across both wrapper paths. Adds a symmetric test.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): reserve leaf-wrapper budget units atomically

A leaf MCID wrapper (bare MCID or MCR dict) materializes a node + one
content ref and charged the two units via separate charge() calls. At the
last unit the first charge succeeded and the second failed, consuming a
unit without emitting the wrapper and denying it to a later element that
would have fit. Add charge_n() to reserve both units atomically (or
neither), and detect MCR before the node charge so it reserves both up
front. Adds a boundary test asserting the leftover unit is preserved.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): stop scanning wide /K once a leaf reservation stalls

The atomic charge_n(2) left budget nonzero (==1) when it failed, so
exhausted() (budget==0) never broke the root /K loop and a crafted wide
array of leaf wrappers was scanned in full after no leaf could fit. Add a
stalled flag set on an insufficient reservation and fold it into
exhausted(); charge()-based (one-unit) loops are unaffected since they
reach budget 0 exactly. Adds a test that a one-unit budget still allows a
one-unit item but a failed two-unit reservation stops the scan.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(structure-tree): add traversal budget and stop charging non-materializing dicts

Two review follow-ups on budget accounting:
- Wide /K arrays of non-materializing items (unsupported value types, OBJR
  dicts, cycle back-edges) consumed no node budget, so the loop scanned the
  whole array. Add a separate work budget charged per examined /K item and
  break the loops when it is spent, bounding traversal even when nothing
  materializes.
- OBJR dicts and dicts without a valid /S were charged the node budget before
  being recognized and skipped, draining the shared budget and truncating
  real content later. Hoist the OBJR check and /S validation above the node
  charge so only materializing nodes consume it (matching the MCR hoisting).

Adds tests for the work-budget bound, wide unsupported /K, and non-materializing
dicts not charging the node budget.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

* docs(structure-tree): mention traversal budget in truncation warning

The one-shot truncation warning listed the node budget, cycle, and depth
as causes but not the new traversal (work) budget, so a work-budget
truncation printed a misleading message. Include MAX_STRUCT_WORK so
malformed-PDF debugging identifies the actual limit hit.

Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Cursor Agent <cursoragent@cursor.com>
Co-authored-by: Abimael Martell <abimaelmartell@users.noreply.github.com>

.gitignore

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ scripts/
 
 # Test output
 test_output/
+.firecrawl/
 
 # Python
 __pycache__/

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pdf-inspector"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.1.8"
 edition = "2021"
 autobins = false
 authors = ["Firecrawl Team"]

SECURITY.md

@@ -5,14 +5,15 @@
 If you believe you've found a security vulnerability in pdf-inspector, please
 report it privately so we can fix it before public disclosure.
 
-**Preferred:** Email **help@firecrawl.dev** with:
+**Preferred:** Submit through Firecrawl's Bugcrowd vulnerability disclosure
+program at <https://bugcrowd.com/engagements/firecrawl-vdp-ess>. Please include:
 
 - A description of the issue and its impact
 - Steps to reproduce (a minimal PDF or input that triggers the bug is ideal)
 - The version or commit hash of pdf-inspector you tested against
 
-**Alternative:** Use GitHub's private vulnerability reporting under the
-[Security tab](https://github.com/firecrawl/pdf-inspector/security/advisories/new).
+**Alternative:** If you'd rather not use Bugcrowd, email
+**help@firecrawl.dev** with the same details.
 
 We'll acknowledge your report in a timely manner and keep you updated on
 remediation progress. Please do not open a public GitHub issue for security

napi/Cargo.lock

@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.1.8"
 dependencies = [
  "env_logger",
  "include_dir",
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector-napi"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 dependencies = [
  "napi",
  "napi-build",

napi/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pdf-inspector-napi"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [lib]

napi/README.md

@@ -83,6 +83,22 @@ for (const region of result[0].regions) {
 }
 ```
 
+### Async variants
+
+`processPdf`, `classifyPdf`, and `extractPagesMarkdown` are synchronous and parse on the calling thread — in Node, that's the event loop. For a one-off call in a script that's fine, but in a server a large document can hold the loop for tens to hundreds of milliseconds.
+
+`processPdfAsync`, `classifyPdfAsync`, and `extractPagesMarkdownAsync` take the same arguments and produce the same results, but run the parse on the libuv thread pool and return a promise, keeping the event loop free. The input buffer is copied before the call returns, so it's safe to reuse or mutate immediately:
+
+```typescript
+import { classifyPdfAsync, extractPagesMarkdownAsync } from '@firecrawl/pdf-inspector'
+
+const classification = await classifyPdfAsync(pdf)
+if (classification.pdfType === 'TextBased') {
+  const { pages } = await extractPagesMarkdownAsync(pdf)
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
 ## Types
 
 ```typescript

napi/bun.lock

@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
         "@napi-rs/cli": "^3.4.1",
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-darwin-arm64": "1.12.0",
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.12.0",
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-musl": "1.12.0",
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-gnu": "1.12.0",
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-musl": "1.12.0",
-        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-win32-x64-msvc": "1.12.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-darwin-arm64": "1.13.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.13.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-musl": "1.13.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-gnu": "1.13.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-musl": "1.13.0",
+        "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-win32-x64-msvc": "1.13.0",
       },
     },
   },

napi/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector",
-  "version": "1.12.0",
+  "version": "1.13.0",
   "description": "Fast PDF classification and text extraction. Detect text-based vs scanned PDFs, extract text by region with quality checks. Native Rust performance via napi-rs.",
   "main": "index.js",
   "types": "index.d.ts",
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@
     "@napi-rs/cli": "^3.4.1"
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-gnu": "1.12.0",
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-musl": "1.12.0",
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.12.0",
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-musl": "1.12.0",
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-darwin-arm64": "1.12.0",
-    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-win32-x64-msvc": "1.12.0"
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-gnu": "1.13.0",
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-x64-musl": "1.13.0",
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.13.0",
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-linux-arm64-musl": "1.13.0",
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-darwin-arm64": "1.13.0",
+    "@firecrawl/pdf-inspector-win32-x64-msvc": "1.13.0"
   }
 }

napi/src/lib.rs

@@ -153,9 +153,7 @@ fn to_napi_result(r: pdf_inspector::PdfProcessResult) -> PdfResult {
     }
 }
 
-fn to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(
-    reasons: Vec<pdf_inspector::PageOcrReasons>,
-) -> Vec<PageOcrReasons> {
+fn to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(reasons: Vec<pdf_inspector::PageOcrReasons>) -> Vec<PageOcrReasons> {
     reasons
         .into_iter()
         .map(|reason| PageOcrReasons {
@@ -202,6 +200,31 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shared implementations (single body behind sync and async entry points)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn process_pdf_impl(bytes: &[u8], pages: Option<Vec<u32>>) -> Result<PdfResult> {
+    let mut opts = pdf_inspector::PdfOptions::new();
+    if let Some(p) = pages {
+        opts = opts.pages(p);
+    }
+    let result = pdf_inspector::process_pdf_mem_with_options(bytes, opts)
+        .map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "process_pdf"))?;
+    Ok(to_napi_result(result))
+}
+
+fn classify_pdf_impl(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<PdfClassification> {
+    let result =
+        pdf_inspector::classify_pdf_mem(bytes).map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "classify_pdf"))?;
+    Ok(PdfClassification {
+        pdf_type: convert_pdf_type(result.pdf_type),
+        page_count: result.page_count,
+        pages_needing_ocr: result.pages_needing_ocr,
+        confidence: result.confidence as f64,
+    })
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Public NAPI API
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -210,15 +233,7 @@ where
 #[napi]
 pub fn process_pdf(buffer: Buffer, pages: Option<Vec<u32>>) -> Result<PdfResult> {
     let bytes: Vec<u8> = buffer.to_vec();
-    catch_panic("process_pdf", move || {
-        let mut opts = pdf_inspector::PdfOptions::new();
-        if let Some(p) = pages {
-            opts = opts.pages(p);
-        }
-        let result = pdf_inspector::process_pdf_mem_with_options(&bytes, opts)
-            .map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "process_pdf"))?;
-        Ok(to_napi_result(result))
-    })
+    catch_panic("process_pdf", move || process_pdf_impl(&bytes, pages))
 }
 
 /// Fast detection only — no text extraction or markdown.
@@ -238,16 +253,7 @@ pub fn detect_pdf(buffer: Buffer) -> Result<PdfResult> {
 #[napi]
 pub fn classify_pdf(buffer: Buffer) -> Result<PdfClassification> {
     let bytes: Vec<u8> = buffer.to_vec();
-    catch_panic("classify_pdf", move || {
-        let result =
-            pdf_inspector::classify_pdf_mem(&bytes).map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "classify_pdf"))?;
-        Ok(PdfClassification {
-            pdf_type: convert_pdf_type(result.pdf_type),
-            page_count: result.page_count,
-            pages_needing_ocr: result.pages_needing_ocr,
-            confidence: result.confidence as f64,
-        })
-    })
+    catch_panic("classify_pdf", move || classify_pdf_impl(&bytes))
 }
 
 /// Extract plain text from a PDF Buffer.
@@ -633,25 +639,32 @@ pub fn extract_pages_markdown(
 ) -> Result<PagesExtractionResult> {
     let bytes: Vec<u8> = buffer.to_vec();
     catch_panic("extract_pages_markdown", move || {
-        let result = pdf_inspector::extract_pages_markdown_mem(&bytes, pages.as_deref())
-            .map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "extract_pages_markdown"))?;
-        Ok(PagesExtractionResult {
-            pages: result
-                .pages
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|r| PageMarkdownResult {
-                    page: r.page,
-                    markdown: r.markdown,
-                    needs_ocr: r.needs_ocr,
-                    ocr_reason: r.ocr_reason,
-                })
-                .collect(),
-            pages_with_tables: result.pages_with_tables,
-            pages_with_columns: result.pages_with_columns,
-            pages_needing_ocr: result.pages_needing_ocr,
-            ocr_reasons_by_page: to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(result.ocr_reasons_by_page),
-            is_complex: result.is_complex,
-        })
+        extract_pages_markdown_impl(&bytes, pages.as_deref())
+    })
+}
+
+fn extract_pages_markdown_impl(
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    pages: Option<&[u32]>,
+) -> Result<PagesExtractionResult> {
+    let result = pdf_inspector::extract_pages_markdown_mem(bytes, pages)
+        .map_err(|e| to_napi_err(e, "extract_pages_markdown"))?;
+    Ok(PagesExtractionResult {
+        pages: result
+            .pages
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|r| PageMarkdownResult {
+                page: r.page,
+                markdown: r.markdown,
+                needs_ocr: r.needs_ocr,
+                ocr_reason: r.ocr_reason,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        pages_with_tables: result.pages_with_tables,
+        pages_with_columns: result.pages_with_columns,
+        pages_needing_ocr: result.pages_needing_ocr,
+        ocr_reasons_by_page: to_napi_page_ocr_reasons(result.ocr_reasons_by_page),
+        is_complex: result.is_complex,
     })
 }
 
@@ -692,3 +705,131 @@ fn to_page_region_texts(results: Vec<pdf_inspector::PageRegionResult>) -> Vec<Pa
         })
         .collect()
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Async variants (libuv thread pool via AsyncTask)
+//
+// The synchronous exports above parse on the calling thread, which in Node is
+// the event loop. These `*Async` variants run the same shared implementations
+// on the libuv thread pool and hand JavaScript a promise, so servers under
+// concurrent load keep answering requests while a document parses. The sync
+// exports keep their names, signatures, and behaviour.
+//
+// Each factory copies the input Buffer to an owned `Vec<u8>` on the calling
+// (JS) thread — deliberately. JS execution is single-threaded, so no JS code
+// can mutate the buffer while the synchronous part of the call copies it.
+// Holding the napi `Buffer` and reading it from the worker instead would be
+// zero-copy, but a caller mutating the buffer before the promise settles
+// would then race the worker's reads — undefined behavior, not a recoverable
+// error (a known napi-rs soundness hazard with cross-thread Buffer access).
+// The copy is a one-time memcpy, negligible next to the parse it unblocks.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub struct ProcessPdfTask {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    pages: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+}
+
+impl Task for ProcessPdfTask {
+    type Output = PdfResult;
+    type JsValue = PdfResult;
+
+    fn compute(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output> {
+        let bytes = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);
+        let pages = self.pages.take();
+        // AssertUnwindSafe: `bytes`/`pages` are moved into the closure and
+        // dropped on unwind — no shared state can be observed broken.
+        catch_panic(
+            "process_pdf",
+            panic::AssertUnwindSafe(move || process_pdf_impl(&bytes, pages)),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn resolve(&mut self, _env: Env, output: Self::Output) -> Result<Self::JsValue> {
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Async variant of [`processPdf`]: same result, but the parse runs on the
+/// libuv thread pool instead of the event loop and the call returns a
+/// promise. The buffer is copied before the call returns, so it may be
+/// reused or mutated immediately.
+// ts_return_type is required: napi-rs emits `Promise<unknown>` for
+// `AsyncTask<T>` returns without it.
+#[napi(ts_return_type = "Promise<PdfResult>")]
+pub fn process_pdf_async(buffer: Buffer, pages: Option<Vec<u32>>) -> AsyncTask<ProcessPdfTask> {
+    AsyncTask::new(ProcessPdfTask {
+        bytes: buffer.to_vec(),
+        pages,
+    })
+}
+
+pub struct ClassifyPdfTask {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Task for ClassifyPdfTask {
+    type Output = PdfClassification;
+    type JsValue = PdfClassification;
+
+    fn compute(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output> {
+        let bytes = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);
+        catch_panic(
+            "classify_pdf",
+            panic::AssertUnwindSafe(move || classify_pdf_impl(&bytes)),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn resolve(&mut self, _env: Env, output: Self::Output) -> Result<Self::JsValue> {
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Async variant of [`classifyPdf`]: same result, but the classification runs
+/// on the libuv thread pool instead of the event loop and the call returns a
+/// promise. The buffer is copied before the call returns, so it may be
+/// reused or mutated immediately.
+#[napi(ts_return_type = "Promise<PdfClassification>")]
+pub fn classify_pdf_async(buffer: Buffer) -> AsyncTask<ClassifyPdfTask> {
+    AsyncTask::new(ClassifyPdfTask {
+        bytes: buffer.to_vec(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub struct ExtractPagesMarkdownTask {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    pages: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+}
+
+impl Task for ExtractPagesMarkdownTask {
+    type Output = PagesExtractionResult;
+    type JsValue = PagesExtractionResult;
+
+    fn compute(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output> {
+        let bytes = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);
+        let pages = self.pages.take();
+        catch_panic(
+            "extract_pages_markdown",
+            panic::AssertUnwindSafe(move || extract_pages_markdown_impl(&bytes, pages.as_deref())),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn resolve(&mut self, _env: Env, output: Self::Output) -> Result<Self::JsValue> {
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Async variant of [`extractPagesMarkdown`]: same result, but the extraction
+/// runs on the libuv thread pool instead of the event loop and the call
+/// returns a promise. The buffer is copied before the call returns, so it
+/// may be reused or mutated immediately.
+#[napi(ts_return_type = "Promise<PagesExtractionResult>")]
+pub fn extract_pages_markdown_async(
+    buffer: Buffer,
+    pages: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+) -> AsyncTask<ExtractPagesMarkdownTask> {
+    AsyncTask::new(ExtractPagesMarkdownTask {
+        bytes: buffer.to_vec(),
+        pages,
+    })
+}

napi/test.mjs

@@ -2,13 +2,16 @@ import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
 import { strict as assert } from 'assert';
 import {
   processPdf,
+  processPdfAsync,
   detectPdf,
   classifyPdf,
+  classifyPdfAsync,
   extractText,
   extractTextWithPositions,
   extractTextInRegions,
   detectVectorGridInRegion,
   extractPagesMarkdown,
+  extractPagesMarkdownAsync,
 } from './index.js';
 
 const fixture = readFileSync('../tests/fixtures/thermo-freon12.pdf');
@@ -124,10 +127,75 @@ assert.equal(picked.pages[0].page, 2);
 assert.equal(picked.pages[1].page, 0);
 console.log('  extractPagesMarkdown with pages: OK');
 
+// --- Async variants ---
+console.log('Testing async variants...');
+
+// processPdfAsync returns a promise and matches the sync result
+const asyncResultPromise = processPdfAsync(fixture);
+assert.ok(asyncResultPromise instanceof Promise);
+const asyncResult = await asyncResultPromise;
+assert.equal(asyncResult.pdfType, result.pdfType);
+assert.equal(asyncResult.pageCount, result.pageCount);
+assert.equal(asyncResult.markdown, result.markdown);
+console.log('  processPdfAsync: OK');
+
+// processPdfAsync with pages
+const asyncResult2 = await processPdfAsync(fixture, [1]);
+assert.equal(asyncResult2.markdown, result2.markdown);
+console.log('  processPdfAsync with pages: OK');
+
+// classifyPdfAsync matches the sync result
+const asyncClassified = await classifyPdfAsync(fixture);
+assert.equal(asyncClassified.pdfType, classified.pdfType);
+assert.equal(asyncClassified.pageCount, classified.pageCount);
+assert.equal(asyncClassified.confidence, classified.confidence);
+assert.deepEqual(asyncClassified.pagesNeedingOcr, classified.pagesNeedingOcr);
+console.log('  classifyPdfAsync: OK');
+
+// extractPagesMarkdownAsync matches the sync result
+const asyncAllPages = await extractPagesMarkdownAsync(fixture);
+assert.equal(asyncAllPages.pages.length, allPages.pages.length);
+assert.deepEqual(
+  asyncAllPages.pages.map(p => p.markdown),
+  allPages.pages.map(p => p.markdown),
+);
+assert.equal(asyncAllPages.isComplex, allPages.isComplex);
+console.log('  extractPagesMarkdownAsync: OK');
+
+// selected pages preserve caller order
+const asyncPicked = await extractPagesMarkdownAsync(fixture, [2, 0]);
+assert.equal(asyncPicked.pages.length, 2);
+assert.equal(asyncPicked.pages[0].page, 2);
+assert.equal(asyncPicked.pages[1].page, 0);
+console.log('  extractPagesMarkdownAsync with pages: OK');
+
+// input buffer is copied at call time: mutating it immediately after the
+// call must not affect the in-flight parse
+const scratch = Buffer.from(fixture);
+const inFlight = processPdfAsync(scratch);
+scratch.fill(0);
+const fromMutated = await inFlight;
+assert.equal(fromMutated.markdown, result.markdown);
+console.log('  processPdfAsync input copied at call time: OK');
+
+// concurrent async calls all settle
+const [c1, c2, c3] = await Promise.all([
+  processPdfAsync(fixture),
+  classifyPdfAsync(fixture),
+  extractPagesMarkdownAsync(fixture),
+]);
+assert.equal(c1.pdfType, 'TextBased');
+assert.equal(c2.pdfType, 'TextBased');
+assert.equal(c3.pages.length, 3);
+console.log('  concurrent async calls: OK');
+
 // --- Error handling ---
 console.log('Testing error handling...');
 assert.throws(() => processPdf(Buffer.from('not a pdf')), /process_pdf/);
 assert.throws(() => classifyPdf(Buffer.from('')), /classify_pdf/);
+await assert.rejects(processPdfAsync(Buffer.from('not a pdf')), /process_pdf/);
+await assert.rejects(classifyPdfAsync(Buffer.from('')), /classify_pdf/);
+await assert.rejects(extractPagesMarkdownAsync(Buffer.from('')), /extract_pages_markdown/);
 console.log('  error handling: OK');
 
 console.log('\nAll NAPI tests passed!');

pyproject.toml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build-backend = "maturin"
 name = "pdf-inspector"
 # Bump this to publish to PyPI — CI publishes automatically when the version
 # changes on main (same flow as napi/package.json for npm).
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.7"
 description = "Fast PDF inspection, classification, and text extraction with smart scanned vs text-based detection"
 readme = "docs/python.md"
 license = { text = "MIT" }

site/index.html

@@ -858,22 +858,22 @@
           <p>Evaluated on the <a class="text-link" href="https://github.com/opendataloader-project/opendataloader-bench">opendataloader-bench</a> corpus of 200 PDFs. This comparison covers local engines without model-based PDF parsing, with OCR disabled. Higher scores are better.</p>
         </div>
         <div class="benchmark-card">
-          <div class="benchmark-top"><span><strong>200 PDFs</strong> · OpenDataLoader benchmark</span><span>Apple M4 Pro · median of 3 runs</span></div>
+          <div class="benchmark-top"><span><strong>200 PDFs</strong> · OpenDataLoader benchmark</span><span>Apple M4 Pro · median of 5 runs</span></div>
           <div class="table-scroll">
             <table aria-label="PDF extraction benchmark results">
               <thead>
                 <tr><th>Engine</th><th>Overall</th><th>Reading order</th><th>Tables</th><th>Headings</th><th>Complete run</th></tr>
               </thead>
               <tbody>
-                <tr class="highlight"><td>pdf-inspector</td><td>0.875</td><td>0.915</td><td>0.814</td><td>0.788</td><td>2.8s</td></tr>
-                <tr><td>LiteParse</td><td>0.870</td><td>0.908</td><td>0.693</td><td>0.811</td><td>13.9s</td></tr>
-                <tr><td>OpenDataLoader</td><td>0.843</td><td>0.912</td><td>0.489</td><td>0.760</td><td>9.8s</td></tr>
-                <tr><td>PyMuPDF4LLM</td><td>0.735</td><td>0.886</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.424</td><td>15.5s</td></tr>
-                <tr><td>MarkItDown</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.879</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.000</td><td>6.7s</td></tr>
+                <tr class="highlight"><td>pdf-inspector</td><td>0.875</td><td>0.915</td><td>0.814</td><td>0.788</td><td>0.470s</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>LiteParse</td><td>0.873</td><td>0.913</td><td>0.693</td><td>0.811</td><td>0.750s</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>OpenDataLoader</td><td>0.831</td><td>0.902</td><td>0.489</td><td>0.739</td><td>2.569s</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>PyMuPDF4LLM</td><td>0.735</td><td>0.886</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.424</td><td>17.117s</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>MarkItDown</td><td>0.589</td><td>0.844</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.000</td><td>16.165s</td></tr>
               </tbody>
             </table>
           </div>
-          <div class="benchmark-note">Refreshed July 16, 2026. Scores use the benchmark’s NID, TEDS, and MHS evaluators.</div>
+          <div class="benchmark-note">Refreshed July 31, 2026. Scores use the benchmark’s NID, TEDS, and MHS evaluators; speed is the median of five alternating or rotating complete corpus runs after an excluded warm-up. <a class="text-link" href="https://github.com/firecrawl/opendataloader-bench/tree/abi/pdf-parser-benchmark-results">Versions and raw artifacts</a>.</div>
         </div>
         <div class="best-fit">
           <strong>Best fit</strong>

src/extractor/layout.rs

@@ -41,15 +41,110 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
     }
     debug!("page {}: detect_columns: {} items", page, page_items.len());
 
-    // Find page bounds
-    let x_min = page_items.iter().map(|i| i.x).fold(f32::INFINITY, f32::min);
-    let x_max = page_items
-        .iter()
-        .map(|i| i.x + effective_width(i))
-        .fold(f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::max);
+    // The width of one ordinary page, used three ways below: as the largest
+    // credible width for a single text run, as the size of empty gap that marks
+    // content as detached, and as the span past which those checks run at all.
+    // This is a heuristic, not a format rule: PDF 2.0 sets no page-size limit,
+    // and since PDF 1.6 `UserUnit` scales a page's physical size independently
+    // of its coordinates. 14_400 units (200in at the default 1/72in unit) is
+    // the traditional Acrobat architectural limit, which makes it a reasonable
+    // "wider than any ordinary page" mark in coordinate space.
+    const MAX_PAGE_EXTENT: f32 = 14_400.0;
+    // A detached cluster is only dropped if it also holds a small minority of
+    // the items, so a genuine two-part layout keeps its full bounds even when
+    // the halves are far apart.
+    const MAX_TRIM_FRACTION: f32 = 0.10;
+
+    // Position and width of each item, skipping only non-finite geometry.
+    let finite_span = |i: &&TextItem| -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+        let (left, width) = (i.x, effective_width(i));
+        (left.is_finite() && (left + width).is_finite()).then_some((left, width))
+    };
+
+    let (min_left, max_right, total) = page_items.iter().filter_map(finite_span).fold(
+        (f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, 0usize),
+        |(lo, hi, n), (left, width)| (lo.min(left), hi.max(left + width), n + 1),
+    );
+
+    // No item had usable geometry, so there is no layout to report.
+    if total == 0 {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    // Every threshold below (gutter margins, spanning-item width, the XY-cut
+    // margin) is a fraction of the page width, so a far item can set the scale
+    // for the whole page and shrink the effective detection window to a
+    // rounding error — real gutters then fall inside the margin band and a
+    // genuine multi-column page collapses to one region.
+    //
+    // Anything inside one page extent is ordinary, so the common case keeps the
+    // plain bounds and skips the work below entirely.
+    let (x_min, x_max) = if max_right - min_left <= MAX_PAGE_EXTENT {
+        (min_left, max_right)
+    } else {
+        // Discarding content needs positive evidence that it is not part of the
+        // layout, because a count-based rule alone cannot tell a stray from a
+        // sparse far sidebar. The evidence is geometric: positions are grouped
+        // into clusters separated by more than a whole page of continuous
+        // emptiness. Real content, however sparse, does not leave a void that
+        // large; a malformed coordinate sits alone beyond one.
+        let mut spans: Vec<(f32, f32)> = page_items.iter().filter_map(finite_span).collect();
+        spans.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+
+        let mut core: Option<std::ops::Range<usize>> = None;
+        let mut start = 0usize;
+        for i in 1..=spans.len() {
+            if i < spans.len() && spans[i].0 - spans[i - 1].0 <= MAX_PAGE_EXTENT {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if core.as_ref().is_none_or(|best| i - start > best.len()) {
+                core = Some(start..i);
+            }
+            start = i;
+        }
+        let mut core = core.unwrap_or(0..spans.len());
+
+        // Only drop the detached clusters when they are a small minority, so a
+        // genuine two-part layout keeps its full bounds.
+        let dropped = spans.len() - core.len();
+        if dropped as f32 > spans.len() as f32 * MAX_TRIM_FRACTION {
+            core = 0..spans.len();
+        }
+        let core = &spans[core];
+
+        // Positions cannot be inflated by a bogus width, so the spread of the
+        // content is a sound scale for judging one. A run much wider than the
+        // page's own content is a malformed width — the test is relative, so a
+        // genuinely large page keeps its genuinely long runs.
+        let (lo, widest_left) = (core[0].0, core[core.len() - 1].0);
+        let max_run_width = (widest_left - lo) + MAX_PAGE_EXTENT;
+        let hi = core
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&&(_, width)| width <= max_run_width)
+            .map(|&(left, width)| left + width)
+            .fold(widest_left, f32::max);
+
+        if lo != min_left || hi != max_right {
+            debug!(
+                "page {page}: bounds {min_left}..{max_right} exceed one page; \
+                 dropped {dropped}/{} detached item(s), using {lo}..{hi}",
+                spans.len()
+            );
+        }
+        (lo, hi)
+    };
+
+    // Hard ceiling on the histogram size, independent of the trimming above:
+    // the bounds are attacker-influenced, so an unclamped
+    // `page_width / BIN_WIDTH` lets a crafted PDF force an arbitrarily large
+    // `vec![0u32; num_bins]` allocation. 65_536 bins covers ~128k points at
+    // BIN_WIDTH 2.0 — roughly 9x the largest legal page — so this never binds
+    // on a real layout. Kept as a bound that does not depend on the outlier
+    // heuristic staying correct.
+    const MAX_BINS: usize = 65_536;
 
     let page_width = x_max - x_min;
-    if page_width < 200.0 {
+    if !page_width.is_finite() || page_width < 200.0 {
         return vec![ColumnRegion { x_min, x_max }];
     }
 
@@ -57,13 +152,20 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
         return vec![ColumnRegion { x_min, x_max }];
     }
 
+    // Widen the bins rather than dropping the tail of the page. Clamping the
+    // count alone would leave anything past MAX_BINS * BIN_WIDTH outside the
+    // histogram, folded into the last bin, which places gutters at the wrong
+    // coordinates. Scaling keeps full coverage under the same allocation
+    // ceiling; only the resolution degrades, and only beyond ~131k points.
+    let bin_width = BIN_WIDTH.max(page_width / MAX_BINS as f32);
+
     // Build occupancy histogram.
     // Exclude items wider than 60% of page width — these are spanning items
     // (titles, full-width paragraphs) that would fill the gutter and prevent
     // detection of partial-page column layouts (e.g. two-column abstracts on
     // a page that also has single-column introduction text).
     let wide_threshold = page_width * 0.6;
-    let num_bins = ((page_width / BIN_WIDTH).ceil() as usize).max(1);
+    let num_bins = ((page_width / bin_width).ceil() as usize).clamp(1, MAX_BINS);
     let mut histogram = vec![0u32; num_bins];
 
     for item in &page_items {
@@ -71,8 +173,8 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
         if w > wide_threshold {
             continue;
         }
-        let left = ((item.x - x_min) / BIN_WIDTH).floor() as usize;
-        let right = (((item.x + w) - x_min) / BIN_WIDTH).ceil() as usize;
+        let left = ((item.x - x_min) / bin_width).floor() as usize;
+        let right = (((item.x + w) - x_min) / bin_width).ceil() as usize;
         let left = left.min(num_bins);
         let right = right.min(num_bins);
         for count in histogram.iter_mut().take(right).skip(left) {
@@ -109,12 +211,12 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
     let valleys: Vec<(usize, usize)> = valleys
         .into_iter()
         .filter(|&(start, end)| {
-            let width_pts = (end - start) as f32 * BIN_WIDTH;
+            let width_pts = (end - start) as f32 * bin_width;
             if width_pts < MIN_GUTTER_WIDTH {
                 return false;
             }
             // Valley center must not be within 5% of page edges
-            let center_pts = ((start + end) as f32 / 2.0) * BIN_WIDTH;
+            let center_pts = ((start + end) as f32 / 2.0) * bin_width;
             center_pts > margin_threshold && center_pts < (page_width - margin_threshold)
         })
         .collect();
@@ -132,7 +234,7 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
             &histogram,
             num_bins,
             x_min,
-            BIN_WIDTH,
+            bin_width,
             page_width,
             margin_threshold,
         );
@@ -141,7 +243,7 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
                 &rel_valleys,
                 &page_items,
                 x_min,
-                BIN_WIDTH,
+                bin_width,
                 x_max,
                 MIN_ITEMS_PER_COLUMN,
                 MIN_VERTICAL_SPAN_RATIO,
@@ -182,7 +284,7 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
         &valleys,
         &page_items,
         x_min,
-        BIN_WIDTH,
+        bin_width,
         x_max,
         MIN_ITEMS_PER_COLUMN,
         MIN_VERTICAL_SPAN_RATIO,
@@ -196,7 +298,7 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_columns(
         &valleys,
         &page_items,
         x_min,
-        BIN_WIDTH,
+        bin_width,
         x_max,
         MIN_ITEMS_PER_COLUMN,
         MIN_VERTICAL_SPAN_RATIO,
@@ -1827,7 +1929,7 @@ fn split_column_stragglers(lines: Vec<TextLine>) -> (Vec<TextLine>, Vec<TextLine
         .unwrap();
 
     let (cs, ce) = segments[core_seg];
-    let mut core = Vec::with_capacity(ce - cs);
+    let mut core = Vec::with_capacity(ce.saturating_sub(cs));
     let mut stragglers = Vec::new();
     for (i, line) in lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
         if i >= cs && i < ce {
@@ -2533,6 +2635,214 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn extreme_far_coordinate_does_not_allocate_unboundedly() {
+        // A crafted PDF can place a text run at an arbitrary coordinate via the
+        // text matrix. The derived page width must not drive an unbounded
+        // histogram allocation (previously `page_width / BIN_WIDTH` bins with no
+        // upper bound would try to reserve terabytes and abort the process).
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..24 {
+            items.push(make_item(1, i as f32 * 10.0, 700.0 - i as f32 * 5.0, "A"));
+        }
+        // Item placed 1e12 points away — 5e11 bins if left unclamped.
+        items.push(make_item(1, 1e12, 700.0, "Z"));
+
+        // Must return without aborting; content is preserved as a single region.
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        assert!(!cols.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_finite_coordinates_never_leak_into_region_bounds() {
+        // An inf/NaN coordinate must not escape as a column boundary: callers
+        // treat these as page/column edges.
+        for bad_x in [f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::NAN] {
+            let mut items = Vec::new();
+            for i in 0..24 {
+                items.push(make_item(1, i as f32 * 10.0, 700.0 - i as f32 * 5.0, "A"));
+            }
+            items.push(make_item(1, bad_x, 700.0, "Z"));
+
+            for col in detect_columns(&items, 1, false) {
+                assert!(
+                    col.x_min.is_finite() && col.x_max.is_finite(),
+                    "bad_x {bad_x} leaked bounds {}..{}",
+                    col.x_min,
+                    col.x_max
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn all_non_finite_coordinates_yield_no_columns() {
+        let items: Vec<TextItem> = (0..24)
+            .map(|i| make_item(1, f32::NAN, 700.0 - i as f32 * 5.0, "A"))
+            .collect();
+
+        assert!(detect_columns(&items, 1, false).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_bad_item_does_not_disable_column_detection() {
+        // A single stray item should not collapse a clean two-column page to
+        // one region. Every gutter threshold is a fraction of the page width,
+        // so an untrimmed outlier pushes real gutters inside the rejected
+        // margin band. A malformed *width* at an ordinary position poisons the
+        // bounds just as a malformed position does.
+        for (label, bad_x, bad_width) in [
+            ("nan position", f32::NAN, 0.0),
+            ("inf position", f32::INFINITY, 0.0),
+            ("far position", 50_000.0, 0.0),
+            ("very far position", 1e12, 0.0),
+            ("huge width", 100.0, 1e12),
+            ("inf width", 100.0, f32::INFINITY),
+        ] {
+            let mut items = Vec::new();
+            items.extend(fill_zone(1, 30.0, 280.0, 750.0, 50.0));
+            items.extend(fill_zone(1, 320.0, 570.0, 750.0, 50.0));
+            let mut bad = make_item(1, bad_x, 400.0, "Z");
+            bad.width = bad_width;
+            items.push(bad);
+
+            let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+            assert_eq!(
+                cols.len(),
+                2,
+                "{label}: expected 2 columns, got {}",
+                cols.len()
+            );
+            for col in &cols {
+                assert!(
+                    col.x_max - col.x_min <= MAX_PAGE_EXTENT_FOR_TEST,
+                    "{label}: region {}..{} exceeds one page",
+                    col.x_min,
+                    col.x_max
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mirrors `MAX_PAGE_EXTENT` in `detect_columns`.
+    const MAX_PAGE_EXTENT_FOR_TEST: f32 = 14_400.0;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn very_wide_page_keeps_full_histogram_coverage() {
+        // Beyond MAX_BINS * BIN_WIDTH (~131k points) the bins must widen rather
+        // than stop covering the page. Three zones: the first gutter is inside
+        // the old coverage limit, the second is past it. Because the first
+        // gutter is found, the XY-cut fallback never runs, so a truncated
+        // histogram silently reports two columns instead of three.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 0.0, 60_000.0, 750.0, 700.0));
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 70_000.0, 140_000.0, 750.0, 700.0));
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 160_000.0, 200_000.0, 750.0, 700.0));
+
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        assert_eq!(
+            cols.len(),
+            3,
+            "Expected 3 columns across a 200k-wide page, got {}",
+            cols.len()
+        );
+        assert!(
+            (140_000.0..=160_000.0).contains(&cols[1].x_max),
+            "second gutter at {}, expected inside the real 140k..160k gap",
+            cols[1].x_max
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_page_with_legitimately_long_runs_is_kept() {
+        // On a very large page, individual runs can exceed one ordinary page's
+        // width. They are real content, so they must not be judged malformed:
+        // the page keeps its columns and its full right edge.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        for row in 0..30 {
+            let y = 750.0 - row as f32 * 14.0;
+            let mut left = make_item(1, 0.0, y, "Left run");
+            left.width = 20_000.0;
+            let mut right = make_item(1, 25_000.0, y, "Right run");
+            right.width = 20_000.0;
+            items.extend([left, right]);
+        }
+
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        assert!(
+            !cols.is_empty(),
+            "a page of long-but-valid runs must still report a layout"
+        );
+        let right_edge = cols
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.x_max)
+            .fold(f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::max);
+        assert!(
+            right_edge > 44_000.0,
+            "long runs were treated as malformed: right edge {right_edge}, expected ~45_000"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sparse_far_sidebar_on_a_large_page_is_kept() {
+        // A large-format page with a thin, sparsely-populated sidebar far from
+        // the main block. The sidebar is a small minority of the items, so an
+        // item-count rule alone would discard it — but nothing about its
+        // geometry says it is invalid, so its bounds must survive.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 0.0, 12_000.0, 750.0, 500.0));
+        for i in 0..12 {
+            items.push(make_item(1, 24_000.0, 750.0 - i as f32 * 14.0, "Sidebar"));
+        }
+
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        let right_edge = cols
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.x_max)
+            .fold(f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::max);
+        assert!(
+            right_edge > 24_000.0,
+            "sidebar was trimmed away: right edge {right_edge}, expected >24_000"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn genuinely_wide_layout_keeps_its_true_bounds() {
+        // A large-format page whose content really is spread beyond one
+        // ordinary page must not be trimmed to the median cluster: its far
+        // items are the majority, not strays.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 100.0, 20_000.0, 750.0, 600.0));
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 22_000.0, 40_000.0, 750.0, 600.0));
+
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        let widest = cols
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.x_max)
+            .fold(f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::max);
+        assert!(
+            widest > 35_000.0,
+            "wide layout was trimmed: right edge {widest}, expected ~40_000"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_but_legal_page_is_not_trimmed() {
+        // A wide-format page well inside the 14_400pt spec limit must keep its
+        // real bounds — outlier trimming is only for spans beyond a legal page.
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 100.0, 4_000.0, 750.0, 400.0));
+        items.extend(fill_zone(1, 4_400.0, 8_000.0, 750.0, 400.0));
+
+        let cols = detect_columns(&items, 1, false);
+        assert_eq!(cols.len(), 2, "Expected 2 columns, got {}", cols.len());
+        assert!(
+            cols[1].x_max > 7_000.0,
+            "right column should keep its true extent, got {}",
+            cols[1].x_max
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn two_column_regression_guard() {
         // Standard 2-column layout with clear gutter at center

src/extractor/links.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,51 @@
 
 use crate::types::{ItemType, TextItem};
 use lopdf::{Document, Object, ObjectId};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
 use super::fonts::{resolve_array, resolve_dict};
 use super::get_number;
 
+/// Upper bound on the number of form-field nodes visited during a single
+/// `extract_form_fields` pass. A crafted PDF can chain thousands of distinct
+/// `/Kids` fields to blow the stack even without an outright reference cycle,
+/// so we cap total traversal work in addition to detecting cycles.
+const MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES: usize = 100_000;
+
+/// Upper bound on `/Kids` recursion depth. Real AcroForm hierarchies are only
+/// a few levels deep (fields → child fields → widgets); a crafted PDF can chain
+/// tens of thousands of distinct fields into a linear `/Kids` list that would
+/// overflow the stack via depth-first recursion long before the node budget is
+/// reached. This depth cap bounds the stack independently of total node count.
+const MAX_FORM_FIELD_DEPTH: usize = 100;
+
+/// Traversal budget for the AcroForm field walk. Bounds both the number of
+/// distinct nodes visited *and* the total number of `/Fields`/`/Kids` entries
+/// examined.
+///
+/// Counting `visited` alone is not enough: invalid entries (non-references) and
+/// duplicate references never grow `visited`, so an oversized array full of them
+/// would iterate to completion no matter how large. Charging every examined
+/// entry against the same budget makes it a real cap on traversal work.
+pub(crate) struct FieldWalkBudget {
+    visited: HashSet<ObjectId>,
+    examined: usize,
+}
+
+impl FieldWalkBudget {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            visited: HashSet::new(),
+            examined: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True once the budget is spent; callers must stop iterating and recursing.
+    fn exhausted(&self) -> bool {
+        self.visited.len() >= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES || self.examined >= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn extract_page_links(doc: &Document, page_id: ObjectId, page_num: u32) -> Vec<TextItem> {
     let mut links = Vec::new();
 
@@ -146,9 +186,12 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_form_fields(
         Err(_) => return items,
     };
 
+    // Borrow the array rather than cloning it: a crafted `/Fields` can be huge,
+    // and cloning would pay an O(n) allocation/copy before the budget check
+    // below can stop the work.
     let fields = match acroform.get(b"Fields") {
         Ok(obj) => match resolve_array(doc, obj) {
-            Some(arr) => arr.clone(),
+            Some(arr) => arr,
             None => return items,
         },
         Err(_) => return items,
@@ -158,7 +201,19 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_form_fields(
     }
     let annotation_pages = annotation_page_map(doc, page_map);
 
-    for field_obj in &fields {
+    // Bound the walk so a crafted PDF cannot send us into unbounded recursion
+    // via a `/Kids` cycle, a deep chain, or an oversized array of invalid or
+    // duplicate entries.
+    let mut budget = FieldWalkBudget::new();
+
+    for field_obj in fields {
+        // Stop once the budget is spent so a `/Fields` array wider than the
+        // budget can't burn CPU iterating entries whose walk would no-op. Charge
+        // every entry (including invalid ones) against the budget.
+        if budget.exhausted() {
+            break;
+        }
+        budget.examined += 1;
         if let Ok(field_ref) = field_obj.as_reference() {
             walk_form_fields(
                 doc,
@@ -168,6 +223,8 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_form_fields(
                 page_map,
                 &annotation_pages,
                 &mut items,
+                &mut budget,
+                0,
             );
         }
     }
@@ -202,6 +259,7 @@ fn annotation_page_map(
 }
 
 /// Recursively walk the form field tree, extracting leaf field values.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub(crate) fn walk_form_fields(
     doc: &Document,
     field_id: ObjectId,
@@ -210,7 +268,22 @@ pub(crate) fn walk_form_fields(
     page_map: &HashMap<ObjectId, u32>,
     annotation_pages: &HashMap<ObjectId, u32>,
     items: &mut Vec<TextItem>,
+    budget: &mut FieldWalkBudget,
+    depth: usize,
 ) {
+    // Guard against `/Kids` cycles and pathologically large field trees.
+    // Exceeding the depth cap means the chain is too deep to be a legitimate
+    // form (and would overflow the stack); an exhausted budget means the tree is
+    // too large. Both checks run *before* inserting so the visited set can never
+    // grow past the budget.
+    if depth > MAX_FORM_FIELD_DEPTH || budget.exhausted() {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Revisiting an object ID means we hit a `/Kids` cycle.
+    if !budget.visited.insert(field_id) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     let field_dict = match doc.get_dictionary(field_id) {
         Ok(d) => d,
         Err(_) => return,
@@ -241,9 +314,19 @@ pub(crate) fn walk_form_fields(
 
     // Check for /Kids — if present, recurse into children
     if let Ok(kids_obj) = field_dict.get(b"Kids") {
+        // Iterate the borrowed array directly — cloning a crafted, oversized
+        // `/Kids` would allocate and copy every entry before the budget check
+        // below could stop the work.
         if let Some(kids) = resolve_array(doc, kids_obj) {
-            let kids = kids.clone();
-            for kid in &kids {
+            for kid in kids {
+                // Stop once the budget is spent so a `/Kids` array wider than the
+                // budget can't burn CPU iterating entries whose walk would no-op.
+                // Charge every entry (including invalid/duplicate ones) against
+                // the budget so this is a true traversal-work cap.
+                if budget.exhausted() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                budget.examined += 1;
                 if let Ok(kid_ref) = kid.as_reference() {
                     walk_form_fields(
                         doc,
@@ -253,6 +336,8 @@ pub(crate) fn walk_form_fields(
                         page_map,
                         annotation_pages,
                         items,
+                        budget,
+                        depth + 1,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -411,4 +496,225 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(items[0].page, 2);
         assert_eq!(items[0].text, "customer: Alice");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kids_self_cycle_does_not_overflow_stack() {
+        // A crafted AcroForm field that lists itself in `/Kids` must not send
+        // the traversal into unbounded recursion.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let field_id = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            field_id,
+            dictionary! {
+                "FT" => "Tx",
+                "T" => Object::string_literal("loop"),
+                "Kids" => vec![Object::Reference(field_id)],
+            },
+        );
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => vec![Object::Reference(field_id)],
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        // Completes (rather than overflowing the stack) and yields no items.
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        assert!(items.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kids_mutual_cycle_terminates() {
+        // Two fields that reference each other via `/Kids` form a cycle that
+        // must also terminate.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let field_a = doc.new_object_id();
+        let field_b = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            field_a,
+            dictionary! {
+                "T" => Object::string_literal("a"),
+                "Kids" => vec![Object::Reference(field_b)],
+            },
+        );
+        doc.set_object(
+            field_b,
+            dictionary! {
+                "T" => Object::string_literal("b"),
+                "Kids" => vec![Object::Reference(field_a)],
+            },
+        );
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => vec![Object::Reference(field_a)],
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        assert!(items.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deep_acyclic_kids_chain_does_not_overflow_stack() {
+        // A long chain of *distinct* fields (no cycle) must also terminate:
+        // the visited set alone would still recurse to the chain length, so
+        // the depth cap is what prevents a stack overflow here.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let n = MAX_FORM_FIELD_DEPTH * 500;
+        let ids: Vec<ObjectId> = (0..=n).map(|_| doc.new_object_id()).collect();
+        for i in 0..n {
+            doc.set_object(
+                ids[i],
+                dictionary! {
+                    "FT" => "Tx",
+                    "Kids" => vec![Object::Reference(ids[i + 1])],
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        // Leaf carries a value; it sits far below the depth cap so it is never
+        // reached, proving traversal stops early rather than crashing.
+        doc.set_object(
+            ids[n],
+            dictionary! {
+                "FT" => "Tx",
+                "T" => Object::string_literal("leaf"),
+                "V" => Object::string_literal("x"),
+                "Rect" => vec![10.into(), 20.into(), 110.into(), 40.into()],
+            },
+        );
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => vec![Object::Reference(ids[0])],
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        assert!(items.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wide_tree_traversal_stops_at_node_budget() {
+        // A single field with a `/Kids` array wider than the node budget must
+        // stop traversal at the cap rather than growing `visited` (and the work)
+        // without bound. Each processed leaf emits one item, so the item count
+        // is bounded by the budget and reaches right up to it (a couple of
+        // slots go to the root and the boundary node charged against the cap).
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let fanout = MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES + 50;
+        let leaf_ids: Vec<ObjectId> = (0..fanout).map(|_| doc.new_object_id()).collect();
+        for &leaf in &leaf_ids {
+            doc.set_object(
+                leaf,
+                dictionary! {
+                    "FT" => "Tx",
+                    "V" => Object::string_literal("v"),
+                    "Rect" => vec![10.into(), 20.into(), 110.into(), 40.into()],
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        let kids: Vec<Object> = leaf_ids.iter().map(|&id| Object::Reference(id)).collect();
+        let root_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "T" => Object::string_literal("root"),
+            "Kids" => kids,
+        });
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => vec![Object::Reference(root_id)],
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        // Extraction stops at the budget: bounded above by the cap, and it gets
+        // right up to it (allowing a small delta for the root/boundary nodes
+        // charged against the budget).
+        assert!(items.len() <= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES);
+        assert!(items.len() >= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES - 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wide_top_level_fields_stop_at_node_budget() {
+        // A top-level `/Fields` array wider than the budget must also stop at
+        // the cap: the item count is bounded by the budget and reaches right up
+        // to it.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let fanout = MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES + 50;
+        let leaf_ids: Vec<ObjectId> = (0..fanout).map(|_| doc.new_object_id()).collect();
+        for &leaf in &leaf_ids {
+            doc.set_object(
+                leaf,
+                dictionary! {
+                    "FT" => "Tx",
+                    "V" => Object::string_literal("v"),
+                    "Rect" => vec![10.into(), 20.into(), 110.into(), 40.into()],
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        let fields: Vec<Object> = leaf_ids.iter().map(|&id| Object::Reference(id)).collect();
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => fields,
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        assert!(items.len() <= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES);
+        assert!(items.len() >= MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES - 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_and_invalid_kids_entries_stop_at_budget() {
+        // Duplicate references and non-reference junk never grow `visited`, so
+        // without charging examined entries against the budget an oversized
+        // array of them would iterate to completion. The walk must still
+        // terminate and extract the single real leaf exactly once.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let leaf_id = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            leaf_id,
+            dictionary! {
+                "FT" => "Tx",
+                "V" => Object::string_literal("v"),
+                "Rect" => vec![10.into(), 20.into(), 110.into(), 40.into()],
+            },
+        );
+        // A `/Kids` array far wider than the budget: half duplicate references
+        // to the same leaf, half invalid (null) entries.
+        let mut kids: Vec<Object> = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..(MAX_FORM_FIELD_NODES * 2) {
+            if i % 2 == 0 {
+                kids.push(Object::Reference(leaf_id));
+            } else {
+                kids.push(Object::Null);
+            }
+        }
+        let root_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "T" => Object::string_literal("root"),
+            "Kids" => kids,
+        });
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "AcroForm" => dictionary! {
+                "Fields" => vec![Object::Reference(root_id)],
+            },
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let page_map = HashMap::new();
+        let items = extract_form_fields(&doc, &page_map);
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
+    }
 }

src/glyph_names.rs

@@ -4566,9 +4566,13 @@ pub fn glyph_to_char(name: &str) -> Option<char> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Try to parse uniXXXX format
-    if name.starts_with("uni") && name.len() >= 7 {
-        if let Ok(code) = u32::from_str_radix(&name[3..7], 16) {
+    // Try to parse uniXXXX format.
+    // Use `get` rather than a byte-length check + slice: `name` can contain
+    // non-ASCII bytes (e.g. U+FFFD from lossy UTF-8 decoding of an attacker
+    // controlled /Differences name), so byte index 7 may not be a char
+    // boundary and `&name[3..7]` would panic.
+    if let Some(hex) = name.strip_prefix("uni").and_then(|rest| rest.get(..4)) {
+        if let Ok(code) = u32::from_str_radix(hex, 16) {
             // Strip PUA F000 offset: uniF0XX → U+00XX (Windows Symbol encoding convention)
             let code = if (0xF000..=0xF0FF).contains(&code) {
                 code - 0xF000
@@ -4588,3 +4592,36 @@ pub fn glyph_to_char(name: &str) -> Option<char> {
 
     None
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uni_hex_parsing() {
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("uni0041"), Some('A'));
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("uni00e9"), Some('\u{00e9}'));
+        // PUA F0xx symbol-encoding offset is stripped.
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("uniF041"), Some('A'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u_hex_parsing() {
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("u0041"), Some('A'));
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("u1F600"), Some('\u{1F600}'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_ascii_uni_name_does_not_panic() {
+        // A crafted /Differences name like `/uni#80#80#80#80` decodes via
+        // from_utf8_lossy into "uni" followed by four U+FFFD replacements.
+        // Byte index 7 lands mid-character, so a naive `&name[3..7]` slice
+        // would panic. It must be handled gracefully instead.
+        let crafted = format!("uni{0}{0}{0}{0}", '\u{FFFD}');
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char(&crafted), None);
+
+        // Assorted non-ASCII bytes right after the "uni" prefix.
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("uni\u{FFFD}bc"), None);
+        assert_eq!(glyph_to_char("uni\u{00e9}00"), None);
+    }
+}

src/markdown/analysis.rs

@@ -171,6 +171,74 @@ pub(crate) fn is_toc_marker_heading(text: &str) -> bool {
 /// equation and absent from name-plus-number headings. A bare trailing colon
 /// is NOT a fragment signal either: real headings frequently end with colons
 /// ("Procedure:", "Steps for Using the Microscope:").
+/// True when the line opens with a section number ("3.", "2.1.4", "IV)").
+///
+/// Mirrors the acceptance of `heading::parse_numbering` rather than the
+/// stricter `convert::starts_with_section_number`, which deliberately
+/// requires two components because it bypasses isolation checks. Here a
+/// single "1." counts: numbering is independent evidence of a heading, and
+/// `heading.rs` applies its numbered-prefix allowance *after* consulting
+/// `is_heading_fragment`, so without this exemption a numbered
+/// sentence-case heading would be vetoed before that allowance can run.
+fn starts_with_numbering_prefix(t: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(first) = t.split_whitespace().next() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let has_delimiter = first.ends_with(['.', ')', ':']);
+    let token = first.trim_end_matches(['.', ')', ':']);
+    if token.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = token.split('.').collect();
+    let decimal = parts
+        .iter()
+        .all(|p| !p.is_empty() && p.len() <= 3 && p.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()));
+    if decimal {
+        // "1." / "2.1." carry a delimiter; "2.3 Title" is written without
+        // one, so a multi-component number is accepted bare. A bare single
+        // number ("3 apples") is not — that is ordinary prose.
+        return has_delimiter || parts.len() >= 2;
+    }
+    // Roman numerals go through the heading parser's own grammar so the two
+    // agree: uppercase I/V/X/L/C only, at most 8 characters. A looser rule
+    // here would exempt markers the parser rejects — "iv)" or "d)" from an
+    // alphabetical list — letting an ordinary list item bypass the veto and
+    // reach heading promotion.
+    //
+    // A delimiter is also required: a bare leading "I" is the pronoun far
+    // more often than a section number.
+    has_delimiter && crate::markdown::heading::roman_value(token).is_some()
+}
+
+/// True when the line reads as a title rather than a sentence: every
+/// content word (ignoring minor words) starts uppercase. Used to spare real
+/// headings from the dangling-verb veto — "Bond Yields" is a section title,
+/// "the method yields" is a stranded clause, and only the casing tells them
+/// apart.
+fn looks_title_case(t: &str) -> bool {
+    const MINOR: &[&str] = &[
+        "a", "an", "the", "of", "and", "or", "for", "to", "in", "on", "at", "by", "with", "from",
+        "as", "is", "are", "that", "than", "into",
+    ];
+    let mut content = 0usize;
+    let mut capitalized = 0usize;
+    for w in t.split_whitespace() {
+        let cleaned: String = w.chars().filter(|c| c.is_alphabetic()).collect();
+        if cleaned.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if MINOR.contains(&cleaned.to_lowercase().as_str()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        content += 1;
+        if cleaned.chars().next().is_some_and(char::is_uppercase) {
+            capitalized += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    // A single content word ("Yields") is a title by default.
+    content == 0 || capitalized == content
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn is_heading_fragment(text: &str) -> bool {
     let t = text.trim_end();
 
@@ -244,9 +312,133 @@ pub(crate) fn is_heading_fragment(text: &str) -> bool {
     if t.ends_with(':') && t.split_whitespace().any(is_equation_number) {
         return true;
     }
+
+    // Dangling clause: a stranded sentence lead-in ends on a relational
+    // verb with no terminal punctuation — "Note that the exact error equals"
+    // left ahead of its formula when a phantom table dissolved.
+    //
+    // Gated on the line reading as prose rather than a title. Case is the
+    // discriminator the trailing word alone cannot provide: a heading is
+    // title case ("Bond Yields", "The Method Yields") while a stranded
+    // lead-in is sentence case ("the method yields"). Without this gate the
+    // veto eats real headings — "Bond Yields", "Crop Yields" and any wrapped
+    // title-case heading the preprocessor failed to merge.
+    if !t.ends_with(['.', '!', '?', ':', ';', ')', ']'])
+        && !looks_title_case(t)
+        && !starts_with_numbering_prefix(t)
+    {
+        if let Some(last) = t.split_whitespace().next_back() {
+            let word: String = last
+                .trim_matches(|c: char| !c.is_alphanumeric())
+                .to_lowercase();
+            // Relational verbs only, and only those with no common noun
+            // sense. "yields" was dropped for exactly that reason: "Bond
+            // Yields" is a real section title. Function words, copulas and
+            // auxiliaries were measured and rejected outright — a heading
+            // that wraps across lines ends on those, and suppressing them
+            // destroyed real IRS Publication 17 headings.
+            const DANGLING_TAIL: &[&str] =
+                &["equals", "denotes", "implies", "satisfies", "signifies"];
+            if DANGLING_TAIL.contains(&word.as_str()) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     false
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod fragment_heading_tests {
+    use super::is_heading_fragment;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dangling_tail_marks_stranded_clause() {
+        // opendataloader 01030000000144: left behind when a phantom table
+        // dissolved, ahead of its formula on the next line.
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("Note that the exact error equals"));
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("The remainder term satisfies"));
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("we conclude that the sum equals"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn real_headings_survive() {
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Introduction"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Error Analysis"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Materials and Methods"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Results"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("3.2 Richardson Extrapolation"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Discussion and Conclusions"));
+        // Terminal punctuation means the clause is complete.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("What is a Derivative?"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Procedure:"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Note that this is important."));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn title_case_headings_ending_in_a_verb_survive() {
+        // "yields" is also a plural noun; these are real section titles.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Bond Yields"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Crop Yields"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Dividend Yields"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Yields"));
+        // A wrapped title-case heading whose first line ends on a listed
+        // verb must survive even if the preprocessor failed to merge it.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("The Theorem Implies"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("What This Denotes"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numbered_sentence_case_headings_survive() {
+        // heading.rs consults is_heading_fragment BEFORE applying its
+        // numbered-prefix allowance, so the veto must not pre-empt it.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("1. What the model implies"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("2.3 How the estimator satisfies"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("IV) What this denotes"));
+        // Without numbering the same wording is still a stranded clause.
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("What the model implies"));
+        // A bare leading number or pronoun is prose, not numbering.
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("3 apples and what that implies"));
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("I think the model implies"));
+        // Markers heading::parse_numbering rejects must not be exempted
+        // either, or an ordinary list item bypasses the veto: lowercase
+        // roman, alphabetical markers, and over-long tokens.
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("iv) the estimator satisfies"));
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("d) the value implies"));
+        // Unsupported character (M is outside the parser's I/V/X/L/C set).
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("MMMM. the value implies"));
+        // Over-long token: nine valid characters, so this exercises the
+        // 8-character bound rather than the character set.
+        assert!(is_heading_fragment("IIIIIIIII. the value implies"));
+        // Eight is still within the bound and stays exempt.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("IIIIIIII. What this implies"));
+        // Uppercase roman within the parser's grammar is still exempt.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("IV. What this denotes"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("XII) What this implies"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrapped_headings_are_not_fragments() {
+        // A heading that wraps across lines ends on a function word. These
+        // are real headings from IRS Publication 17 and must survive.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Casualty and"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Rule 10. You Must Be at"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Higher Standard Deduction for"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Qualifying Child of"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("When Can I Withdraw or"));
+        // Copulas and auxiliaries also end real wrapped headings.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Rule 15. Your AGI Must Be"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("What Medical Expenses Are"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("Rule 13. You Must Have"));
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("When Can a Roth IRA Be"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dangling_check_is_case_insensitive() {
+        // All-caps is not sentence case, so the veto must not fire there.
+        assert!(!is_heading_fragment("THE REMAINDER EQUALS"));
+    }
+}
+
 /// Compute the Y-gap threshold for paragraph break detection.
 ///
 /// Instead of using a fixed multiple of base_size (which fails for double-spaced

src/markdown/heading.rs

@@ -127,7 +127,9 @@ fn visual_style(line: &TextLine) -> Option<VisualStyle> {
     })
 }
 
-fn roman_value(token: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+/// Shared with `analysis::starts_with_numbering_prefix` so the veto
+/// exemption and the heading parser agree on what a roman numeral is.
+pub(super) fn roman_value(token: &str) -> Option<u32> {
     if token.is_empty() || token.len() > 8 {
         return None;
     }

src/structure_tree.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use log::debug;
 use lopdf::{Document, Object, ObjectId};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
 // ─── Standard structure types ────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -252,10 +252,28 @@ impl StructTree {
         let role_map = parse_role_map(doc, struct_root);
         debug!("structure tree: {} role map entries", role_map.len());
 
+        // Seed the cycle guard with the struct-root's own object id so a `/K`
+        // that points back at the root is treated as a cycle, and bound total
+        // node materialization with a global budget.
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        if let Ok(root_id) = struct_root_obj.as_reference() {
+            walk.active.insert(root_id);
+        }
+
         // Parse child elements from /K
-        let children = parse_kids(doc, struct_root, &role_map, None, 0);
+        let children = parse_kids(doc, struct_root, &role_map, None, 0, &mut walk);
         debug!("structure tree: {} top-level elements", children.len());
 
+        if walk.truncated {
+            log::warn!(
+                "structure tree parsing was truncated (node budget of \
+                 {MAX_STRUCT_NODES} or traversal budget of {MAX_STRUCT_WORK} \
+                 reached, a `/K` reference cycle, or the max nesting depth of \
+                 {MAX_DEPTH}); tagged roles/tables may be incomplete (likely a \
+                 very large or malformed tagged PDF)"
+            );
+        }
+
         if children.is_empty() {
             return None;
         }
@@ -479,6 +497,123 @@ fn parse_role_map(doc: &Document, struct_root: &lopdf::Dictionary) -> HashMap<St
 /// malformed PDFs).
 const MAX_DEPTH: usize = 64;
 
+/// Global cap on the number of structure-tree nodes materialized in a single
+/// parse. Real tagged trees are far smaller; a crafted PDF can alias one struct
+/// element into its own `/K` (e.g. `/K [n 0 R n 0 R]`) so the tree branches
+/// exponentially (2^depth) before the depth cap is reached, exhausting memory.
+/// This budget bounds total work and allocation regardless of tree shape.
+const MAX_STRUCT_NODES: usize = 500_000;
+
+/// Cap on the number of `/K` items *examined* during a single parse, regardless
+/// of whether they materialize anything. Bounds CPU for crafted wide `/K` arrays
+/// of non-materializing entries (unsupported value types, `/OBJR` dicts, cycle
+/// back-edges) that would otherwise be scanned in full without ever touching the
+/// node budget. Kept well above the node budget so it never truncates content
+/// that already fits within `MAX_STRUCT_NODES`.
+const MAX_STRUCT_WORK: usize = 2_000_000;
+
+/// Traversal state shared across the recursive structure-tree parse.
+///
+/// `budget` is a global allowance charged once per materialized item — each
+/// struct-element node and each marked-content reference — so total work is
+/// bounded even for aliased/DAG-shaped `/K` graphs of distinct objects or a
+/// single element with a very wide `/K` array. `active` holds the object IDs
+/// currently on the depth-first path so a struct element that references itself
+/// (or an ancestor) is not expanded into an unbounded/exponential subtree.
+/// `budget` bounds *materialization* (nodes + content refs). `work` separately
+/// bounds *traversal* — every `/K` item examined is charged against it, even
+/// ones that materialize nothing (unsupported values, `/OBJR`, cycle back-edges)
+/// — so a wide malformed array cannot force an unbounded scan, and those skipped
+/// items don't drain the materialization budget and truncate real content.
+/// `truncated` records whether any parse work was skipped — the budget was
+/// exhausted, a `/K` reference cycle was broken, or the depth cap was hit — so
+/// the caller can log it once rather than per skipped item. `stalled` is set
+/// when an atomic multi-unit reservation could not fit in the remaining budget;
+/// it makes [`exhausted`](Self::exhausted) report done so a wide `/K` array is
+/// not scanned to the end once no further leaf can be materialized.
+struct StructWalk {
+    budget: usize,
+    work: usize,
+    active: HashSet<ObjectId>,
+    truncated: bool,
+    stalled: bool,
+}
+
+impl StructWalk {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            budget: MAX_STRUCT_NODES,
+            work: MAX_STRUCT_WORK,
+            active: HashSet::new(),
+            truncated: false,
+            stalled: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Charge one unit of traversal work for an examined `/K` item, whether or
+    /// not it materializes anything. Returns `false` (flagging truncation) once
+    /// the traversal budget is spent, so an enclosing loop stops instead of
+    /// scanning the rest of a wide array of non-materializing entries.
+    fn spend_work(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.work == 0 {
+            self.truncated = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.work -= 1;
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Record that some parse work was skipped for a non-budget reason (a `/K`
+    /// reference cycle or the depth cap), so the one-shot truncation warning
+    /// also covers malformed/over-deep trees, not just budget exhaustion.
+    fn note_skipped(&mut self) {
+        self.truncated = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Charge one unit against the budget for a materialized item (a struct
+    /// element node or a marked-content reference). Returns `false` — without
+    /// underflowing — once the budget is exhausted, so callers skip the item.
+    fn charge(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.budget == 0 {
+            self.truncated = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.budget -= 1;
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Atomically charge `n` units for a single item that materializes several
+    /// budget-counted parts at once (a leaf wrapper node *plus* its content
+    /// reference). Charges nothing when fewer than `n` units remain — so a
+    /// partial reservation never wastes capacity — and marks the walk `stalled`
+    /// so the enclosing loop stops instead of scanning the rest of a wide `/K`
+    /// array that can no longer fit any leaf.
+    fn charge_n(&mut self, n: usize) -> bool {
+        if self.budget < n {
+            self.truncated = true;
+            self.stalled = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.budget -= n;
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Whether traversal should stop: the budget is spent, or a multi-unit
+    /// reservation could not fit (`stalled`) so no further leaf will materialize.
+    /// Use this at the guards that break/return to skip remaining items; it
+    /// records that truncation occurred (a guard only fires while an item is
+    /// still pending), so callers that drop work without going through
+    /// [`charge`](Self::charge) still flag the truncation for logging.
+    fn exhausted(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.budget == 0 || self.stalled {
+            self.truncated = true;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse child elements from a `/K` entry.
 fn parse_kids(
     doc: &Document,
@@ -486,8 +621,13 @@ fn parse_kids(
     role_map: &HashMap<String, String>,
     inherited_page: Option<ObjectId>,
     depth: usize,
+    walk: &mut StructWalk,
 ) -> Vec<StructElement> {
     if depth >= MAX_DEPTH {
+        walk.note_skipped();
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    if walk.exhausted() {
         return Vec::new();
     }
 
@@ -498,22 +638,59 @@ fn parse_kids(
     // /Pg on this element (inherited by children)
     let page_id = get_page_ref(doc, dict).or(inherited_page);
 
+    let mut children = Vec::new();
     match k_obj {
         Object::Array(arr) => {
-            let mut children = Vec::new();
             for item in arr {
-                let resolved = resolve_obj(doc, item);
-                parse_kid(doc, resolved, role_map, page_id, depth, &mut children);
+                if walk.exhausted() || !walk.spend_work() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                process_kid_item(doc, item, role_map, page_id, depth, &mut children, walk);
             }
-            children
         }
         other => {
-            let resolved = resolve_obj(doc, other);
-            let mut children = Vec::new();
-            parse_kid(doc, resolved, role_map, page_id, depth, &mut children);
-            children
+            process_kid_item(doc, other, role_map, page_id, depth, &mut children, walk);
         }
     }
+    children
+}
+
+/// Resolve one `/K` array item (following at most one level of indirection),
+/// guarding against reference cycles and the global node budget, then dispatch
+/// it via [`parse_kid`].
+fn process_kid_item(
+    doc: &Document,
+    item: &Object,
+    role_map: &HashMap<String, String>,
+    inherited_page: Option<ObjectId>,
+    depth: usize,
+    out: &mut Vec<StructElement>,
+    walk: &mut StructWalk,
+) {
+    if walk.exhausted() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if depth >= MAX_DEPTH {
+        walk.note_skipped();
+        return;
+    }
+    // If this child is an indirect reference, track its id on the active path so
+    // a self/ancestor reference is not expanded into an exponential subtree.
+    let ref_id = match item {
+        Object::Reference(id) => Some(*id),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    if let Some(id) = ref_id {
+        if !walk.active.insert(id) {
+            walk.note_skipped();
+            return; // cycle: this object is already on the current path
+        }
+    }
+    let resolved = resolve_obj(doc, item);
+    parse_kid(doc, resolved, role_map, inherited_page, depth, out, walk);
+    if let Some(id) = ref_id {
+        walk.active.remove(&id);
+    }
 }
 
 /// Parse a single child (either a struct element dict or an MCID integer).
@@ -524,10 +701,16 @@ fn parse_kid(
     inherited_page: Option<ObjectId>,
     depth: usize,
     out: &mut Vec<StructElement>,
+    walk: &mut StructWalk,
 ) {
     match obj {
         // Direct MCID integer — create a leaf wrapper
         Object::Integer(mcid) => {
+            // A wrapper node plus its content reference — two items — reserved
+            // atomically so we never consume one unit without emitting both.
+            if !walk.charge_n(2) {
+                return;
+            }
             // This is a bare MCID at the struct-element level.
             // We attach it to the parent element, so we create a wrapper struct element.
             // Actually, bare MCIDs inside /K are content refs for the parent,
@@ -546,11 +729,11 @@ fn parse_kid(
             });
         }
         Object::Dictionary(d) => {
-            parse_struct_element_dict(doc, d, role_map, inherited_page, depth, out);
+            parse_struct_element_dict(doc, d, role_map, inherited_page, depth, out, walk);
         }
         Object::Stream(s) => {
             // Some PDFs wrap struct elements in streams (rare)
-            parse_struct_element_dict(doc, &s.dict, role_map, inherited_page, depth, out);
+            parse_struct_element_dict(doc, &s.dict, role_map, inherited_page, depth, out, walk);
         }
         _ => {}
     }
@@ -565,13 +748,23 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
     inherited_page: Option<ObjectId>,
     depth: usize,
     out: &mut Vec<StructElement>,
+    walk: &mut StructWalk,
 ) {
     if depth >= MAX_DEPTH {
+        walk.note_skipped();
         return;
     }
-    // Check if this is a marked-content reference dict (has /Type /MCR)
+
+    // A marked-content reference dict materializes a wrapper node + one content
+    // reference (two items). Reserve both atomically *before* the node charge so
+    // we never consume a unit without emitting the reference — which would also
+    // deny that unit to a later element that would have fit. This matches the
+    // bare-MCID path.
     if is_mcr_dict(dict) {
         if let Ok(Object::Integer(mcid)) = dict.get(b"MCID") {
+            if !walk.charge_n(2) {
+                return;
+            }
             let page_id = get_page_ref(doc, dict).or(inherited_page);
             out.push(StructElement {
                 role: StructRole::Span,
@@ -588,12 +781,15 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
         return;
     }
 
-    // Check if this is an object reference dict (has /Type /OBJR) — skip these
+    // Skip object-reference dicts (`/Type /OBJR`) — they materialize no node, so
+    // recognize and return *before* charging the budget (otherwise a document
+    // full of OBJRs would drain the shared budget and truncate real content).
     if is_objr_dict(dict) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // It's a struct element — parse its /S (structure type)
+    // It's a struct element — parse its /S (structure type). A dict without a
+    // valid /S also materializes nothing, so validate before charging.
     let role_name = match dict.get(b"S") {
         Ok(s_obj) => {
             let resolved = resolve_obj(doc, s_obj);
@@ -605,6 +801,12 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
         Err(_) => return,
     };
 
+    // Charge the node only now that we know it will materialize (bounds
+    // aliased/DAG-shaped `/K` graphs the per-path cycle guard alone cannot stop).
+    if !walk.charge() {
+        return;
+    }
+
     let role = StructRole::from_name_with_role_map(&role_name, role_map);
     let page_id = get_page_ref(doc, dict).or(inherited_page);
 
@@ -621,51 +823,73 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
         let k_resolved = resolve_obj(doc, k_obj);
         match k_resolved {
             Object::Integer(mcid) => {
-                content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
-                    mcid: *mcid,
-                    page_id,
-                });
+                if walk.charge() {
+                    content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
+                        mcid: *mcid,
+                        page_id,
+                    });
+                }
             }
             Object::Array(arr) => {
                 for item in arr {
+                    if walk.exhausted() || !walk.spend_work() {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    // Only content-ref items (bare MCIDs / MCR dicts) are charged
+                    // here — those are the unbounded allocations. Structural
+                    // children are charged once at their own node entry in the
+                    // recursive call, so charging them here too would double-count
+                    // and drain the budget ~2× faster than the per-node semantics.
+                    let ref_id = match item {
+                        Object::Reference(id) => Some(*id),
+                        _ => None,
+                    };
                     let resolved = resolve_obj(doc, item);
                     match resolved {
                         Object::Integer(mcid) => {
-                            content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
-                                mcid: *mcid,
-                                page_id,
-                            });
+                            if walk.charge() {
+                                content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
+                                    mcid: *mcid,
+                                    page_id,
+                                });
+                            }
                         }
                         Object::Dictionary(d) => {
                             if is_mcr_dict(d) {
                                 if let Ok(Object::Integer(mcid)) = d.get(b"MCID") {
-                                    let pg = get_page_ref(doc, d).or(page_id);
-                                    content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
-                                        mcid: *mcid,
-                                        page_id: pg,
-                                    });
+                                    if walk.charge() {
+                                        let pg = get_page_ref(doc, d).or(page_id);
+                                        content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
+                                            mcid: *mcid,
+                                            page_id: pg,
+                                        });
+                                    }
                                 }
                             } else if is_objr_dict(d) {
                                 // Skip object references
                             } else {
-                                parse_struct_element_dict(
+                                recurse_struct_child(
                                     doc,
+                                    ref_id,
                                     d,
                                     role_map,
                                     page_id,
-                                    depth + 1,
+                                    depth,
                                     &mut children,
+                                    walk,
                                 );
                             }
                         }
                         Object::Stream(s) => {
-                            parse_struct_element_dict(
+                            recurse_struct_child(
                                 doc,
+                                ref_id,
                                 &s.dict,
                                 role_map,
                                 page_id,
-                                depth + 1,
+                                depth,
                                 &mut children,
+                                walk,
                             );
                         }
                         _ => {}
@@ -675,14 +899,29 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
             Object::Dictionary(d) => {
                 if is_mcr_dict(d) {
                     if let Ok(Object::Integer(mcid)) = d.get(b"MCID") {
-                        let pg = get_page_ref(doc, d).or(page_id);
-                        content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
-                            mcid: *mcid,
-                            page_id: pg,
-                        });
+                        if walk.charge() {
+                            let pg = get_page_ref(doc, d).or(page_id);
+                            content_refs.push(MarkedContentRef {
+                                mcid: *mcid,
+                                page_id: pg,
+                            });
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
-                    parse_struct_element_dict(doc, d, role_map, page_id, depth + 1, &mut children);
+                    let ref_id = match k_obj {
+                        Object::Reference(id) => Some(*id),
+                        _ => None,
+                    };
+                    recurse_struct_child(
+                        doc,
+                        ref_id,
+                        d,
+                        role_map,
+                        page_id,
+                        depth,
+                        &mut children,
+                        walk,
+                    );
                 }
             }
             _ => {}
@@ -699,6 +938,37 @@ fn parse_struct_element_dict(
     });
 }
 
+/// Recurse into a child struct-element dictionary, guarding against reference
+/// cycles (via the active-path object-id set) and the global node budget.
+///
+/// `ref_id` is the object id of the child when it was reached through an
+/// indirect reference (`None` for an inline dictionary, which cannot alias).
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn recurse_struct_child(
+    doc: &Document,
+    ref_id: Option<ObjectId>,
+    dict: &lopdf::Dictionary,
+    role_map: &HashMap<String, String>,
+    inherited_page: Option<ObjectId>,
+    depth: usize,
+    out: &mut Vec<StructElement>,
+    walk: &mut StructWalk,
+) {
+    if walk.exhausted() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Some(id) = ref_id {
+        if !walk.active.insert(id) {
+            walk.note_skipped();
+            return; // cycle: this object is already on the current path
+        }
+    }
+    parse_struct_element_dict(doc, dict, role_map, inherited_page, depth + 1, out, walk);
+    if let Some(id) = ref_id {
+        walk.active.remove(&id);
+    }
+}
+
 /// Check if dict has `/Type /MCR`.
 fn is_mcr_dict(dict: &lopdf::Dictionary) -> bool {
     dict.get(b"Type")
@@ -901,6 +1171,7 @@ fn contains_bytes(haystack: &[u8], needle: &[u8]) -> bool {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use lopdf::dictionary;
 
     #[test]
     fn non_heading_content_roles() {
@@ -1231,4 +1502,395 @@ mod tests {
         let role_map = tree.mcid_to_roles(&page_ids);
         assert!(!role_map.is_empty(), "Should have MCID→role mappings");
     }
+
+    fn count_nodes(elems: &[StructElement]) -> usize {
+        elems.iter().map(|e| 1 + count_nodes(&e.children)).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap already-created struct elements under a `/StructTreeRoot` and
+    /// `/Catalog`, returning a document ready for [`StructTree::from_doc`].
+    /// `root_kid` is the top-level element the root's `/K` points at.
+    fn finalize_tagged_doc(mut doc: Document, root_kid: ObjectId) -> Document {
+        let root_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "StructTreeRoot",
+            "K" => vec![Object::Reference(root_kid)],
+        });
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "StructTreeRoot" => Object::Reference(root_id),
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+        doc
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn struct_tree_self_alias_kids_terminates() {
+        // A struct element that lists itself twice in `/K` (`/K [n 0 R n 0 R]`)
+        // must not expand into an exponential tree.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let elem = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            elem,
+            dictionary! {
+                "Type" => "StructElem",
+                "S" => "Div",
+                "K" => vec![Object::Reference(elem), Object::Reference(elem)],
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = finalize_tagged_doc(doc, elem);
+
+        let tree = StructTree::from_doc(&doc).expect("tree should parse");
+        let n = count_nodes(&tree.children);
+        assert!(
+            n < 10,
+            "self-alias must not explode; materialized {n} nodes"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn struct_tree_mutual_alias_kids_terminates() {
+        // A → B → A cycle via `/K` must terminate.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let a = doc.new_object_id();
+        let b = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            a,
+            dictionary! {
+                "Type" => "StructElem",
+                "S" => "Div",
+                "K" => vec![Object::Reference(b), Object::Reference(b)],
+            },
+        );
+        doc.set_object(
+            b,
+            dictionary! {
+                "Type" => "StructElem",
+                "S" => "Div",
+                "K" => vec![Object::Reference(a), Object::Reference(a)],
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = finalize_tagged_doc(doc, a);
+
+        let tree = StructTree::from_doc(&doc).expect("tree should parse");
+        let n = count_nodes(&tree.children);
+        assert!(
+            n < 100,
+            "mutual alias must terminate small; materialized {n} nodes"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn struct_tree_aliased_dag_respects_node_budget() {
+        // Distinct elements, each aliased twice in the next level's `/K`, form a
+        // DAG that would expand to 2^depth nodes (the per-path cycle guard does
+        // not catch this since every id is on the path only once). The global
+        // node budget must cap total materialization.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let levels = 22; // 2^22 ≈ 4.2M unbounded, well past the budget
+        let ids: Vec<ObjectId> = (0..=levels).map(|_| doc.new_object_id()).collect();
+        for i in 0..levels {
+            doc.set_object(
+                ids[i],
+                dictionary! {
+                    "Type" => "StructElem",
+                    "S" => "Div",
+                    "K" => vec![Object::Reference(ids[i + 1]), Object::Reference(ids[i + 1])],
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        doc.set_object(
+            ids[levels],
+            dictionary! { "Type" => "StructElem", "S" => "P" },
+        );
+        let root_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "StructTreeRoot",
+            "K" => vec![Object::Reference(ids[0])],
+        });
+        let catalog_id = doc.add_object(dictionary! {
+            "Type" => "Catalog",
+            "StructTreeRoot" => Object::Reference(root_id),
+        });
+        doc.trailer.set("Root", Object::Reference(catalog_id));
+
+        let tree = StructTree::from_doc(&doc).expect("tree should parse");
+        let n = count_nodes(&tree.children);
+        assert!(
+            n <= MAX_STRUCT_NODES,
+            "node count {n} exceeded budget {MAX_STRUCT_NODES}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn struct_tree_wide_mcid_array_respects_budget() {
+        // A single struct element with a `/K` array of bare MCIDs wider than the
+        // budget must not allocate `content_refs` without bound — each array item
+        // is charged, so materialized marked-content refs stay within the budget.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let elem = doc.new_object_id();
+        let kids: Vec<Object> = (0..(MAX_STRUCT_NODES as i64 + 100))
+            .map(Object::Integer)
+            .collect();
+        doc.set_object(
+            elem,
+            dictionary! {
+                "Type" => "StructElem",
+                "S" => "P",
+                "K" => kids,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = finalize_tagged_doc(doc, elem);
+
+        let tree = StructTree::from_doc(&doc).expect("tree should parse");
+        assert!(
+            tree.mcid_count() <= MAX_STRUCT_NODES,
+            "content_refs unbounded: {} > {MAX_STRUCT_NODES}",
+            tree.mcid_count()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn budget_charge_flags_truncation_once_exhausted() {
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 1;
+        assert!(walk.charge(), "should spend the last unit");
+        assert!(!walk.truncated, "not truncated while budget remained");
+        assert!(!walk.charge(), "budget exhausted");
+        assert!(walk.truncated, "exhaustion must set the truncation flag");
+        // Stays exhausted/flagged on subsequent calls.
+        assert!(!walk.charge());
+        assert!(walk.truncated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exhausted_flags_truncation_after_budget_spent_by_charge() {
+        // The dominant truncation path: the budget is driven to 0 by a
+        // successful `charge()` (which does not set the flag), and remaining
+        // items are then dropped by an `exhausted()` guard — which must flag it.
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 1;
+        assert!(walk.charge());
+        assert!(
+            !walk.truncated,
+            "spending the last unit is not truncation yet"
+        );
+        assert!(walk.exhausted(), "budget is now spent");
+        assert!(
+            walk.truncated,
+            "the guard that skips work must flag truncation"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wide_kids_array_flags_truncation_via_parser() {
+        // Reproduce the reviewer's scenario through the real parser: a `/K`
+        // array wider than the budget drives the budget to 0 via `charge()`,
+        // then the loop guard drops the rest — the truncation flag must be set
+        // (so `from_doc` logs it) rather than staying silently false.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let elem = doc.new_object_id();
+        let kids: Vec<Object> = (0..20i64).map(Object::Integer).collect();
+        doc.set_object(
+            elem,
+            dictionary! { "Type" => "StructElem", "S" => "P", "K" => kids },
+        );
+        let dict = doc.get_dictionary(elem).unwrap().clone();
+
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 5; // smaller than the 20-item `/K` array
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &dict, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(
+            walk.truncated,
+            "a `/K` array wider than the budget must flag truncation"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cycle_skip_flags_truncation() {
+        // A `/K` reference cycle is dropped rather than expanded; that skip must
+        // still flag truncation so the one-shot warning fires for malformed
+        // trees, not only for budget exhaustion.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let elem = doc.new_object_id();
+        doc.set_object(
+            elem,
+            dictionary! {
+                "Type" => "StructElem",
+                "S" => "Div",
+                "K" => vec![Object::Reference(elem), Object::Reference(elem)],
+            },
+        );
+        let dict = doc.get_dictionary(elem).unwrap().clone();
+
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.active.insert(elem); // simulate `elem` already on the DFS path
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &dict, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(
+            walk.truncated,
+            "a cycle-skipped `/K` child must flag truncation"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bare_mcid_charges_node_and_reference() {
+        // A bare MCID `/K` child becomes a wrapper node carrying one content
+        // reference — two materialized items — so it must charge two budget
+        // units, not one.
+        let doc = Document::new();
+        let obj = Object::Integer(7);
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        let before = walk.budget;
+        parse_kid(&doc, &obj, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert_eq!(
+            out.len(),
+            1,
+            "bare MCID should materialize one wrapper node"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            before - walk.budget,
+            2,
+            "bare MCID must charge for both the node and its content reference"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mcr_dict_charges_node_and_reference() {
+        // A top-level MCR `/K` dict materializes the same wrapper node + content
+        // reference as a bare MCID, so it must charge the same two budget units
+        // (not one), keeping the per-item budgeting uniform.
+        let doc = Document::new();
+        let obj = Object::Dictionary(dictionary! { "Type" => "MCR", "MCID" => 3 });
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        let before = walk.budget;
+        parse_kid(&doc, &obj, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 1, "MCR dict should materialize one wrapper node");
+        assert_eq!(
+            before - walk.budget,
+            2,
+            "MCR dict must charge for both the node and its content reference"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn leaf_wrappers_reserve_both_units_atomically() {
+        // With only one unit left, a two-item leaf wrapper (bare MCID or MCR
+        // dict) must consume nothing and flag truncation, leaving the unit for a
+        // later single-item element instead of half-charging.
+        let doc = Document::new();
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+
+        // Bare MCID via parse_kid.
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 1;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_kid(
+            &doc,
+            &Object::Integer(5),
+            &role_map,
+            None,
+            0,
+            &mut out,
+            &mut walk,
+        );
+        assert!(out.is_empty(), "bare MCID must not partially materialize");
+        assert_eq!(walk.budget, 1, "the leftover unit must be preserved");
+        assert!(walk.truncated);
+
+        // MCR dict via parse_struct_element_dict.
+        let mcr = dictionary! { "Type" => "MCR", "MCID" => 1 };
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 1;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &mcr, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(out.is_empty(), "MCR dict must not partially materialize");
+        assert_eq!(walk.budget, 1, "the leftover unit must be preserved");
+        assert!(walk.truncated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insufficient_reservation_stops_the_scan() {
+        // A one-unit budget is not "exhausted" for a one-unit item, but once a
+        // two-unit leaf reservation fails, the walk is stalled so enclosing `/K`
+        // loops stop instead of scanning the rest of a wide array.
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.budget = 1;
+        assert!(
+            !walk.exhausted(),
+            "one unit left must still allow a one-unit item"
+        );
+        assert!(!walk.charge_n(2), "cannot reserve two units from one");
+        assert!(
+            walk.exhausted(),
+            "an insufficient reservation must stop the loop"
+        );
+        assert!(walk.truncated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn work_budget_bounds_examined_items() {
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.work = 2;
+        assert!(walk.spend_work());
+        assert!(walk.spend_work());
+        assert!(!walk.spend_work(), "traversal budget exhausted");
+        assert!(walk.truncated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wide_unsupported_kids_stop_at_work_budget() {
+        // A wide `/K` array of unsupported values (nulls) materializes nothing;
+        // it must stop at the traversal budget instead of scanning every entry.
+        let mut doc = Document::new();
+        let elem = doc.new_object_id();
+        let kids: Vec<Object> = (0..1000).map(|_| Object::Null).collect();
+        doc.set_object(
+            elem,
+            dictionary! { "Type" => "StructElem", "S" => "P", "K" => kids },
+        );
+        let dict = doc.get_dictionary(elem).unwrap().clone();
+
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        walk.work = 10; // far smaller than the 1000-entry array
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &dict, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(
+            walk.truncated,
+            "a wide unsupported `/K` array must hit the work budget"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_materializing_dicts_do_not_charge_node_budget() {
+        let doc = Document::new();
+        let role_map = HashMap::new();
+
+        // OBJR dict: materializes no node, so it must not spend the node budget.
+        let objr = dictionary! { "Type" => "OBJR" };
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        let before = walk.budget;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &objr, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(out.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(walk.budget, before, "OBJR must not spend the node budget");
+
+        // A struct dict without a valid /S also materializes nothing.
+        let no_s = dictionary! { "Type" => "StructElem" };
+        let mut walk = StructWalk::new();
+        let before = walk.budget;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        parse_struct_element_dict(&doc, &no_s, &role_map, None, 0, &mut out, &mut walk);
+        assert!(out.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            walk.budget, before,
+            "a dict without /S must not spend the node budget"
+        );
+    }
 }

src/tables/detect_heuristic.rs

@@ -435,6 +435,72 @@ fn revised_table_cell_indices(
         .collect()
 }
 
+/// Index of candidate "body" items (larger-font attachment targets) sorted by
+/// Y, so script-attachment checks scan a narrow Y window instead of the whole
+/// page per candidate.
+struct ScriptBodyIndex<'a> {
+    /// (y, item), sorted ascending by y
+    by_y: Vec<(f32, &'a TextItem)>,
+    /// widest vertical attachment window any body item can produce
+    max_window: f32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ScriptBodyIndex<'a> {
+    fn new(items: &'a [TextItem]) -> Self {
+        // Smallest table-candidate font is 6pt, so any possible attachment
+        // target is at least 6 x 1.2 pt.
+        let mut by_y: Vec<(f32, &TextItem)> = items
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|i| i.font_size >= 6.0 * 1.2)
+            .map(|i| (i.y, i))
+            .collect();
+        by_y.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+        let max_window = by_y
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, i)| i.font_size * 0.8)
+            .fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+        Self { by_y, max_window }
+    }
+
+    /// True when a small-font item is horizontally attached to a larger-font
+    /// item at a script baseline offset — a sub/superscript in running text
+    /// or math (equation subscripts, footnote markers). Script attachments
+    /// are not table cells; without this filter, display equations with
+    /// sub/superscripts form phantom small-font table regions (e.g. TeX
+    /// papers where log subscripts cluster with footnote lines into a fake
+    /// 3-column table). A genuine baseline offset is required so same-line
+    /// table neighbours (a small cell beside a larger label cell) are never
+    /// classified as scripts.
+    ///
+    /// `min_anchor_size` additionally constrains what counts as an
+    /// attachment target: the small-font pass accepts any sufficiently
+    /// larger item (0.0), while the body-font pass requires a heading-sized
+    /// anchor so a body-size table cell beside a slightly larger label with
+    /// baseline jitter is never treated as a script.
+    fn is_script_attachment(&self, small: &TextItem, min_anchor_size: f32) -> bool {
+        let attach_gap = small.font_size.max(4.0) * 0.6;
+        let lo = self
+            .by_y
+            .partition_point(|(y, _)| *y < small.y - self.max_window);
+        self.by_y[lo..]
+            .iter()
+            .take_while(|(y, _)| *y <= small.y + self.max_window)
+            .any(|(_, body)| {
+                let dy = (small.y - body.y).abs();
+                body.font_size >= small.font_size * 1.2
+                    && body.font_size >= min_anchor_size
+                    && dy > body.font_size * 0.05
+                    && dy <= body.font_size * 0.8
+                    && {
+                        let gap_after_body = small.x - (body.x + body.width);
+                        let gap_before_body = body.x - (small.x + small.width);
+                        (-attach_gap..=attach_gap).contains(&gap_after_body)
+                            || (-attach_gap..=attach_gap).contains(&gap_before_body)
+                    }
+            })
+    }
+}
+
 /// Detect tables in a set of text items from a single page
 pub fn detect_tables(items: &[TextItem], base_font_size: f32, skip_body_font: bool) -> Vec<Table> {
     detect_tables_with_page_width(items, base_font_size, skip_body_font, content_width(items))
@@ -483,6 +549,27 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_tables_with_page_width(
     // === Pass 1: Small-font tables (existing behavior) ===
     let table_font_threshold = base_font_size * 0.90;
 
+    // Mark sub/superscript attachments once per pass. They stay candidates —
+    // the masks only remove them from region qualification and column/row
+    // geometry.
+    //
+    // The two passes need different anchor thresholds. In the small-font pass
+    // any sufficiently larger neighbour is a plausible base for a script. In
+    // the body-font pass the candidates are themselves body-sized
+    // (0.85..1.05x), so a merely "slightly larger" neighbour is usually a bold
+    // label or an adjacent column header, not the base of a superscript —
+    // treating it as one would strip real cells out of the geometry and lose
+    // the table. Requiring a heading-sized anchor (>= 1.15x base) keeps the
+    // body pass to genuine scripts hanging off headings.
+    let script_index = ScriptBodyIndex::new(items);
+    let script_flags: Vec<bool> = items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| script_index.is_script_attachment(item, 0.0))
+        .collect();
+    let body_script_flags: Vec<bool> = items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| script_index.is_script_attachment(item, base_font_size * 1.15))
+        .collect();
     let table_candidates: Vec<(usize, &TextItem)> = items
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
@@ -494,7 +581,14 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_tables_with_page_width(
         .collect();
 
     if table_candidates.len() >= 6 {
-        let regions = find_table_regions(&table_candidates);
+        // Qualify regions from non-script items: a cluster of sub/superscripts
+        // must not, on its own, mark out a table region.
+        let region_evidence: Vec<(usize, &TextItem)> = table_candidates
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(idx, _)| !script_flags[*idx])
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        let regions = find_table_regions(&region_evidence);
 
         for (y_min, y_max) in regions {
             let region_items: Vec<(usize, &TextItem)> = table_candidates
@@ -508,7 +602,9 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_tables_with_page_width(
             }
 
             if let Some(mut table) =
-                detect_table_in_region(&region_items, TableDetectionMode::SmallFont)
+                detect_table_in_region(&region_items, TableDetectionMode::SmallFont, &|i| {
+                    script_flags[i]
+                })
             {
                 // Try to recover body-font header row above the small-font table
                 recover_header_row(&mut table, items, table_font_threshold);
@@ -553,8 +649,20 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_tables_with_page_width(
             body_font_low,
             body_font_high,
         );
+        // Scripts are NOT filtered out of the candidate set here, mirroring
+        // the small-font pass: they must stay eligible for cell assignment so
+        // a sub/superscript that belongs inside a table cell keeps its text.
+        // The heading-anchored `body_script_flags` mask removes them from
+        // geometry only.
         if body_candidates.len() >= 6 {
-            let regions = find_table_regions_strict(&body_candidates);
+            // Same reasoning as the small-font pass: scripts do not qualify
+            // regions, but remain available for cell assignment within one.
+            let region_evidence: Vec<(usize, &TextItem)> = body_candidates
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|(idx, _)| !body_script_flags[*idx])
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+            let regions = find_table_regions_strict(&region_evidence);
             log::debug!("body-font: {} strict regions found", regions.len());
 
             for (y_min, y_max, _x_min, _x_max) in &regions {
@@ -580,7 +688,9 @@ pub(crate) fn detect_tables_with_page_width(
                 }
 
                 if let Some(table) =
-                    detect_table_in_region(&region_items, TableDetectionMode::BodyFont)
+                    detect_table_in_region(&region_items, TableDetectionMode::BodyFont, &|i| {
+                        body_script_flags[i]
+                    })
                 {
                     tables.push(table);
                 }
@@ -808,10 +918,30 @@ fn find_table_regions_strict(items: &[(usize, &TextItem)]) -> Vec<(f32, f32, f32
     regions
 }
 
-/// Detect a table within a specific region
-fn detect_table_in_region(items: &[(usize, &TextItem)], mode: TableDetectionMode) -> Option<Table> {
-    // Find column boundaries
-    let columns = find_column_boundaries(items, mode);
+/// Detect a table within a specific region.
+///
+/// `is_script` marks items that are sub/superscript attachments. Those are
+/// excluded from the *geometry* — they must not be able to create a column,
+/// which is how equation subscript clusters used to fabricate phantom grids —
+/// but they remain eligible for cell assignment, so legitimate cell content
+/// (exponents in an engineering-notation table, footnote markers) stays in
+/// the cell it belongs to instead of leaking out into the reading order.
+fn detect_table_in_region(
+    items: &[(usize, &TextItem)],
+    mode: TableDetectionMode,
+    is_script: &dyn Fn(usize) -> bool,
+) -> Option<Table> {
+    // Column geometry from non-script items only.
+    let geometry_items: Vec<(usize, &TextItem)> = items
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(idx, _)| !is_script(*idx))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    // A region that is *entirely* scripts has no table structure at all.
+    if geometry_items.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let columns = find_column_boundaries(&geometry_items, mode);
     let min_cols = 2;
     if columns.len() < min_cols || columns.len() > 25 {
         log::debug!(
@@ -822,8 +952,8 @@ fn detect_table_in_region(items: &[(usize, &TextItem)], mode: TableDetectionMode
         return None;
     }
 
-    // Find row boundaries
-    let rows = find_row_boundaries(items);
+    // Find row boundaries (geometry items only, same reasoning)
+    let rows = find_row_boundaries(&geometry_items);
     let min_rows = 2;
     if rows.len() < min_rows {
         log::debug!(
@@ -842,6 +972,11 @@ fn detect_table_in_region(items: &[(usize, &TextItem)], mode: TableDetectionMode
     );
 
     // Verify this looks like a table: multiple items should align to columns
+    // Validate against ALL items, including scripts. Columns are derived from
+    // non-script geometry so scripts cannot *create* a column, but excluding
+    // them from validation too would let a region manufacture alignment: drop
+    // the awkward items and whatever remains looks like a tidy grid. Block
+    // diagrams did exactly that. Everything in the region must fit.
     let col_alignment = check_column_alignment(items, &columns, mode);
     let min_alignment = match mode {
         TableDetectionMode::SmallFont => 0.5,
@@ -912,6 +1047,29 @@ fn detect_table_in_region(items: &[(usize, &TextItem)], mode: TableDetectionMode
         cells.push(row_cells);
     }
 
+    // Validation 0 (small-font pass only): reject tiny all-numeric
+    // fragments. A <=2-row grid whose every cell is a bare 1-2 digit number
+    // carries no tabular information — in practice these are
+    // exponent/subscript clusters from display math that happen to align.
+    // Body-font tables are not subject to this veto: their cells cannot be
+    // script glyphs.
+    if matches!(mode, TableDetectionMode::SmallFont) {
+        let nonempty_cells: Vec<&String> =
+            cells.iter().flatten().filter(|c| !c.is_empty()).collect();
+        if rows.len() <= 2
+            && !nonempty_cells.is_empty()
+            && nonempty_cells
+                .iter()
+                .all(|c| c.len() <= 2 && c.chars().all(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()))
+        {
+            log::debug!(
+                "  validation 0 fail: tiny all-numeric fragment ({} cells)",
+                nonempty_cells.len()
+            );
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Validation 1: some rows should have content in first column.
     // Use a lower threshold (25%) for tables with wrapped cells where
     // continuation lines leave the first column empty.
@@ -1977,6 +2135,146 @@ fn try_add_label_column(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+
+    fn make_item(text: &str, x: f32, y: f32, font_size: f32, width: f32) -> TextItem {
+        TextItem {
+            text: text.to_string(),
+            x,
+            y,
+            width,
+            height: font_size,
+            font: "TestFont".to_string(),
+            font_size,
+            page: 1,
+            is_bold: false,
+            is_italic: false,
+            is_underline: false,
+            is_strikeout: false,
+            item_type: ItemType::Text,
+            mcid: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn script_attachment_detects_subscript_after_body_text() {
+        let body = make_item("log", 100.0, 500.0, 10.0, 15.0);
+        let sub = make_item("10", 115.5, 497.0, 7.0, 7.0);
+        let items = vec![body, sub.clone()];
+        assert!(ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items).is_script_attachment(&sub, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn script_attachment_detects_superscript_footnote_marker() {
+        let body = make_item("Hartley", 200.0, 500.0, 10.0, 35.0);
+        let sup = make_item("2", 235.8, 504.0, 6.6, 3.5);
+        let items = vec![body, sup.clone()];
+        assert!(ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items).is_script_attachment(&sup, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn script_attachment_ignores_small_cell_far_from_body_text() {
+        let body = make_item("Revenue", 100.0, 500.0, 10.0, 40.0);
+        let cell = make_item("1,234", 180.0, 500.0, 7.0, 20.0);
+        let items = vec![body, cell.clone()];
+        assert!(!ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items).is_script_attachment(&cell, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn body_pass_anchor_spares_cells_beside_slightly_larger_labels() {
+        // A body-font table cell (10pt) sitting beside a slightly larger,
+        // NON-heading label (12.5pt) with a little baseline jitter. The
+        // small-font pass treats any larger neighbour as a possible script
+        // base, but the body pass must not: at body sizes a slightly larger
+        // neighbour is a bold label or column header, and flagging the cell
+        // would strip it out of the table geometry and lose the table.
+        // Cell at the low end of the body band (0.85x base) beside a 10.5pt
+        // label. 10.5 clears the inherent 1.2x-of-cell rule (10.2) but falls
+        // below the body pass's heading anchor (11.5), which is exactly the
+        // band where the two masks must disagree.
+        let label = make_item("Revenue", 100.0, 500.0, 10.5, 40.0);
+        let cell = make_item("1,234", 141.0, 496.5, 8.5, 22.0);
+        let items = vec![label, cell.clone()];
+        let index = ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items);
+        let base = 10.0;
+        assert!(
+            index.is_script_attachment(&cell, 0.0),
+            "small-font pass anchor should still see this as an attachment"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !index.is_script_attachment(&cell, base * 1.15),
+            "body pass must not treat a cell beside a slightly larger label \
+             as a script — that removes real cells from the geometry"
+        );
+        // A genuine heading-sized anchor still qualifies in the body pass.
+        let heading = make_item("Section", 100.0, 500.0, 20.0, 60.0);
+        let sup = make_item("3", 161.0, 508.0, 10.0, 5.0);
+        let h_items = vec![heading, sup.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            ScriptBodyIndex::new(&h_items).is_script_attachment(&sup, base * 1.15),
+            "script hanging off a heading must still be excluded in the body pass"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn script_attachment_ignores_same_baseline_neighbor_cell() {
+        // A small cell beside a larger label on the SAME baseline is a table
+        // layout, not a subscript — a genuine baseline offset is required.
+        let label = make_item("Total", 100.0, 500.0, 10.0, 25.0);
+        let cell = make_item("42", 127.0, 500.0, 7.5, 9.0);
+        let items = vec![label, cell.clone()];
+        assert!(!ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items).is_script_attachment(&cell, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn script_attachment_ignores_neighbor_on_different_line() {
+        let body = make_item("Header", 100.0, 500.0, 10.0, 30.0);
+        let cell = make_item("42", 131.0, 486.0, 7.0, 10.0);
+        let items = vec![body, cell.clone()];
+        assert!(!ScriptBodyIndex::new(&items).is_script_attachment(&cell, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    /// Equation-subscript + footnote layout from Shannon entropy.pdf page 1,
+    /// with real coordinates. Without the larger-font anchors the small items
+    /// alone DO form a phantom table — proving the layout reaches detection —
+    /// and adding the anchors must suppress it.
+    fn shannon_page1_small_items() -> Vec<TextItem> {
+        vec![
+            make_item("2", 267.4, 133.9, 7.4, 3.7),
+            make_item("10", 306.2, 133.9, 7.4, 7.4),
+            make_item("10", 342.7, 133.9, 7.4, 7.4),
+            make_item("10", 325.0, 118.9, 7.4, 7.4),
+            make_item("Bell System Technical Journal,", 295.7, 101.9, 8.0, 95.0),
+            make_item(
+                "April 1924, p. 324; Certain Topics in",
+                396.7,
+                101.9,
+                8.0,
+                130.0,
+            ),
+            make_item("v. 47, April 1928, p. 617.", 250.9, 92.5, 8.0, 90.0),
+            make_item("Bell System Technical Journal,", 264.2, 82.6, 8.0, 95.0),
+            make_item("July 1928, p. 535.", 364.3, 82.6, 8.0, 65.0),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn equation_scripts_do_not_form_phantom_table() {
+        let bare = shannon_page1_small_items();
+        assert!(
+            !detect_tables(&bare, 10.0, false).is_empty(),
+            "test layout must form a phantom table when the filter cannot fire"
+        );
+        let mut items = shannon_page1_small_items();
+        items.push(make_item("log", 253.0, 137.0, 10.0, 13.5));
+        items.push(make_item("log", 291.5, 137.0, 10.0, 13.5));
+        items.push(make_item("log", 328.0, 137.0, 10.0, 13.5));
+        items.push(make_item("log", 310.3, 122.0, 10.0, 13.5));
+        let tables = detect_tables(&items, 10.0, false);
+        assert!(
+            tables.is_empty(),
+            "equation scripts + footnotes must not become a table: {tables:?}"
+        );
+    }
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::ItemType;
 

src/tounicode.rs

@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ fn hex_to_unicode_string(hex: &str) -> Option<String> {
 
     let bytes: Option<Vec<u8>> = (0..hex.len())
         .step_by(2)
-        .map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&hex[i..i + 2], 16).ok())
+        .map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(hex.get(i..i + 2)?, 16).ok())
         .collect();
     let bytes = bytes?;
 
@@ -2606,6 +2606,24 @@ endcmap
         assert_eq!(cmap.lookup(0x0025), Some("B".to_string()));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hex_to_unicode_non_ascii_no_panic() {
+        // A destination containing a multi-byte char makes the byte length even
+        // while a byte offset can land inside a char. Slicing must not panic;
+        // it should be rejected gracefully.
+        assert_eq!(hex_to_unicode_string("XéY"), None);
+        assert_eq!(hex_to_unicode_string("\u{fffd}0"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_bfchar_non_ascii_destination_no_panic() {
+        // Crafted /ToUnicode CMap: a non-hex, non-ASCII destination previously
+        // triggered a char-boundary panic in hex_to_unicode_string.
+        let cmap_content = "beginbfchar <0041> <XéY> endbfchar";
+        // Must not panic; the malformed entry is simply skipped.
+        let _ = ToUnicodeCMap::parse(cmap_content.as_bytes());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_bfchar_1byte() {
         // This is the pattern that caused the CJK bug: codespace is <0000><FFFF>

wasm/Cargo.lock

@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.1.8"
 dependencies = [
  "env_logger",
  "include_dir",
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pdf-inspector-wasm"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "js-sys",

wasm/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pdf-inspector-wasm"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Firecrawl Team"]
 description = "Browser WebAssembly bindings for pdf-inspector"